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he Marseillaises； sow enthusiasms； tear green boughs from the oaks。
Make a whirlwind of the idea。 This crowd may be rendered sublime。
Let us learn how to make use of that vast conflagration of principles and virtues； which sparkles； bursts forth and quivers at certain hours。
These bare feet； these bare arms； these rags； these ignorances； these abjectnesses； these darknesses； may be employed in the conquest of the ideal。 Gaze past the people； and you will perceive truth。
Let that vile sand which you trample under foot be cast into the furnace； let it melt and seethe there； it will bee a splendid crystal； and it is thanks to it that Galileo and Newton will discover stars。
BOOK FIRST。PARIS STUDIED IN ITS ATOM
CHAPTER XIII
LITTLE GAVROCHE
Eight or nine years after the events narrated in the second part of this story； people noticed on the Boulevard du Temple； and in the regions of the Chateau…d'Eau； a little boy eleven or twelve years of age； who would have realized with tolerable accuracy that ideal of the gamin sketched out above； if； with the laugh of his age on his lips； he had not had a heart absolutely sombre and empty。 This child was well muffled up in a pair of man's trousers； but he did not get them from his father； and a woman's chemise； but he did not get it from his mother。
Some people or other had clothed him in rags out of charity。
Still； he had a father and a mother。 But his father did not think of him； and his mother did not love him。
He was one of those children most deserving of pity； among all； one of those who have father and mother； and who are orphans nevertheless。
This child never felt so well as when he was in the street。 The pavements were less hard to him than his mother's heart。
His parents had despatched him into life with a kick。
He simply took flight。
He was a boisterous； pallid； nimble； wide…awake； jeering； lad； with a vivacious but sickly air。
He went and came； sang； played at hopscotch； scraped the gutters； stole a little； but； like cats and sparrows； gayly laughed when he was called a rogue； and got angry when called a thief。
He had no shelter； no bread； no fire； no love； but he was merry because he was free。
When these poor creatures grow to be men； the millstones of the social order meet them and crush them； but so long as they are children； they escape because of their smallness。
The tiniest hole saves them。
Nevertheless； abandoned as this child was； it sometimes happened； every two or three months； that he said； 〃e； I'll go and see mamma！〃 Then he quitted the boulevard； the Cirque； the Porte Saint…Martin； descended to the quays； crossed the bridges； reached the suburbs； arrived at the Salpetriere； and came to a halt； where？
Precisely at that double number 50…52 with which the reader is acquainted at the Gorbeau hovel。
At that epoch； the hovel 50…52 generally deserted and eternally decorated with the placard：
〃Chambers to let；〃 chanced to be； a rare thing； inhabited by numerous individuals who； however； as is always the case in Paris； had no connection with each other。 All belonged to that indigent class which begins to separate from the lowest of petty bourgeoisie in straitened circumstances； and which extends from misery to misery into the lowest depths of society down to those two beings in whom all the material things of civilization end； the sewer…man who sweeps up the mud； and the ragpicker who collects scraps。
The 〃principal lodger〃 of Jean Valjean's day was dead and had been replaced by another exactly like her。
I know not what philosopher has said：
〃Old women are never lacking。〃
This new old woman was named Madame Bourgon； and had nothing remarkable about her life except a dynasty of three paroquets； who had reigned in succession over her soul。
The most miserable of those who inhabited the hovel were a family of four persons； consisting of father； mother； and two daughters； already well grown； all four of whom were lodged in the same attic； one of the cells which we have already mentioned。
At first sight； this family presented no very special feature except its extreme destitution； the father； when he hired the chamber； had stated that his name was Jondrette。
Some time after his moving in； which had borne a singular resemblance to the entrance of nothing at all； to borrow the memorable expression of the principal tenant； this Jondrette had said to the woman； who； like her predecessor； was at the same time portress and stair…sweeper： 〃Mother So…and…So； if any one should chance to e and inquire for a Pole or an Italian； or even a Spaniard； perchance； it is I。〃
This family was that of the merry barefoot boy。
He arrived there and found distress； and； what is still sadder； no smile； a cold hearth and cold hearts。
When he entered； he was asked： 〃Whence e you？〃
He replied：
〃From the street。〃
When he went away； they asked him：
〃Whither are you going？〃
He replied： 〃Into the streets。〃
His mother said to him：
〃What did you e here for？〃
This child lived； in this absence of affection； like the pale plants which spring up in cellars。
It did not cause him suffering； and he blamed no one。
He did not know exactly how a father and mother should be。
Nevertheless； his mother loved his sisters。
We have forgotten to mention； that on the Boulevard du Temple this child was called Little Gavroche。
Why was he called Little Gavroche？
Probably because his father's name was Jondrette。
It seems to be the instinct of certain wretched families to break the thread。
The chamber which the Jondrettes inhabited in the Gorbeau hovel was the last at the end of the corridor。
The cell next to it was occupied by a very poor young man who was called M。 Marius。
Let us explain who this M。 Marius was。
BOOK SECOND。THE GREAT BOURGEOIS
CHAPTER I
NINETY YEARS AND THIRTY…TWO TEETH
In the Rue Boucherat； Rue de Normandie and the Rue de Saintonge there still exist a few ancient inhabitants who have preserved the memory of a worthy man named M。 Gillenormand； and who mention him with plaisance。
This good man was old when they were young。 This silhouette has not yet entirely disappearedfor those who regard with melancholy that vague swarm of shadows which is called the past from the labyrinth of streets in the vicinity of the Temple to which； under Louis XIV。； the names of all the provinces of France were appended exactly as in our day； the streets of the new Tivoli quarter have received the names of all the capitals of Europe； a progression； by the way； in which progress is visible。
M。Gillenormand； who was as much alive as possible in 1831； was one of those men who had bee curiosities to be viewed； simply because they have lived a long time； and who are strange because they formerly resembled everybody； and now resemble nobody。 He was a peculiar old man； and in very truth； a man of another age； the real； plete and rather haughty bourgeois of the eighteenth century； who wore his good； old bourgeoisie with the air with which marquises wear their marquisates。
He was o