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en ever the same； intense and sad；〃 were among her last words。 〃I have loved God； my father； and liberty。〃 But she was a victim to the contradictory elements in her own nature； and walked always among storms。 This nature； so complex； so rich； so ardent； so passionate； could it ever have found permanent repose？
CHAPTER XIX。 THE SALONS OF THE EMPIRE AND RESTORATIONMADAME RECAMIER A Transition PeriodMme。 de MontessonMme。 de Genlis Revival of the Literary SpiritMme。 de BeaumontMme。 de RemusatMme。 de SouzaMme。 de DurasMme。 de Krudener Fascination of Mme。 RecamierHer FriendsHer Convent Salon ChateaubriandDecline of the Salon
In the best sense； society is born； not made。 A crowd of well… dressed people is not necessarily a society。 They may meet and disperse with no other bond of union than a fine house and lavish hospitality can give。 It may be an assembly without unity； flavor； or influence。 In the social chaos that followed the Revolution； this truth found a practical illustration。 The old circles were scattered。 The old distinctions were virtually destroyed； so far as edicts can destroy that which lies in the essence of things。 A few who held honored names were left； or had returned from a long exile； to find themselves bereft of rank； fortune； and friends； but these had small disposition to form new associations； and few points of contact with the parvenus who had mounted upon the ruins of their order。 The new society was composed largely of these parvenus； who were ambitious for a position and a life of which they had neither the spirit； the taste； the habits； nor the mellowing traditions。 Naturally they mistook the gilded frame for the picture。 Unfamiliar with the gentle manners； the delicate sense of honor； and the chivalrous instincts which underlie the best social life； though not always illustrated by its individual members； they were absorbed in matters of etiquette of which they were uncertain； and exacting of non…essentials。 They regarded society upon its commercial side； contended over questions of precedence； and； as one of the most observing of their contemporaries has expressed it； 〃bargained for a courtesy and counted visits。〃 〃I have seen quarrels in the imperial court；〃 she adds； 〃over a visit more or less long； more or less deferred。〃 Perhaps it is to be considered that in a new order which has many aggressive elements； this balancing of courtesies is not without a certain raison d'etre as a protection against serious inroads upon time and hospitality； but the fault lies behind all this； in the lack of that subtle social sense which makes the discussion of these things superfluous； not to say impossible。
It was the wish of Napoleon to reconstruct a society that should rival in brilliancy the old courts。 With this view he called to his aid a few women whose names； position； education； and reputation for esprit and fine manners he thought a sufficient guarantee of success。 But he soon learned that it could not be commanded at will。 The reply of the Duchesse d'Brantes； who has left us so many pleasant reminiscences of this period； in which she was an actor as well as an observer； was very apt。
〃You can do all that I wish；〃 he said to her； 〃you are all young； and almost all pretty； ah； well！ A young and pretty woman can do anything she likes。〃
〃Sire； what your Majesty says may be true；〃 she replied； 〃but only to a certain point。 If the Emperor； instead of his guard and his good soldiers； had only conscripts who would recoil under fire； he could not win great battles like that of Austerlitz。 Nevertheless； he is the first general in the world。〃
But this social life was to serve a personal end。 It was to furnish an added instrument of power to the autocrat who ruled； to reflect always and everywhere the glory of Napoleon。 The period which saw its cleverest woman in hopeless exile； and its most beautiful one under a similar ban for the crime of being her friend； was not one which favored intellectual supremacy。 The empire did not encourage literature； it silenced philosophy； and oppressed the talent that did not glorify itself。 Its blighting touch rested upon the whole social fabric。 The finer elements which； to some extent； entered into it were lost in the glitter of display and pretension。 The true spirit of conversation was limited to private coteries that kept themselves in the shade； and were too small to be noted。
The salon which represented the best side of the new regime was that of Mme。 de Montesson； wife of the Duc d'Orleans； a woman of brilliant talents； finished manners； great knowledge of the world； fine gifts of conversation； and； what was equally essential； great discrimination and perfect tact。 If her niece； Mme。 de Genlis； is to be trusted； she had more ambition that originality； her reputation was superior to her abilities； and her beauty covered many imperfections。 But she had experience； finesse； and prestige。 Napoleon was quick to see the value of such a woman in reorganizing a court； and treated her with the greatest consideration； even asking her to instruct Josephine in the old customs and usages。 Her salon； however； united many elements which it was impossible to fuse。 There were people of all parties and all conditions； a few of the nobles and returned emigres； the numerous members of the Bonaparte family； the new military circle； together with many people of influence 〃not to the manner born。〃 Mme。 de Montesson revived the old amusements； wrote plays for the entertainment of her guests gave grand dinners and brilliant fetes。 But the accustomed links were wanting。 Her salon simply illustrates a social life in a state of transition。
Mme。 de Genlis had lived much in the world before the Revolution； and her position in the family of the Duc d'Orleans； together with her great versatility of talent； had given her a certain vogue。 Author； musician； teacher； moralist； critic； poser； egotist； femme d'esprit； and friend of princes； her romantic life would fill a volume and cannot be even touched upon in a few lines。 After ten years of exile she returned to Paris； and her salon at the Arsenal was a center for a few celebrities。 Many of these names have small significance today。 A few men like Talleyrand； LaHarpe； Fontanes； and Cardinal Maury were among her friends；； and she was neutral enough； or diplomatic enough； not to give offense to the new government。 But she was a woman of many affectations； and in spite of her numerous accomplishments； her cleverness； and her literary fame； the circle she gathered about her was never noted for its brilliancy or its influence。 As a historic figure； she is more remarkable for the variety of her voluminous work； her educational theories； and her observations upon the world in which she lived； than for talents of a purely social order。
One is little inclined to dwell upon the ruling society of this period。 It had neither the dignity of past traditions nor freedom of intellectual expression。 Its finer shades were drowned in loud and glaring colors。 The luxury that could be commanded counted for more than the wit and intelligence that could not。
As the social elements readjusted themselves on a