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herself the luxuries of life that she might have more to spend in charities。 But she never permitted any one to compromise her； and often withheld her approbation where she was free with her purse。 To do all the good possible and to respect all the convenances were her cardinal principles。 Marmontel was sent to the Bastille under circumstances that were rather creditable than otherwise； but it was a false note； and she was never quite the same to him afterwards。 She wept at her own injustice； schemed for his election to the Academy； and scolded him for his lack of diplomacy； but the little cloud was there。 When the Sorbonne censured his Belisarius her friendship could no longer bear the strain； and； though still received at her dinners； he ceased to live in her house。
Her dominant passion seems to have been love of consideration； if a calm and serene； but steadily persistent； purpose can be called a passion。 No trained diplomatist ever understood better the world with which he had to deal； or managed more adroitly to avoid small antagonisms。 It was her maxim not to create jealousy by praising people； nor irritation by defending them。 If she wished to say a kind word； she dwelt upon good qualities that were not contested。 She prided herself upon ruling her life by reason。 Sainte…Beuve calls her the Fontenelle of women； but it was Fontenelle tempered with a heart。
This 〃foster…mother of philosophers〃 evidently wished to make sure of her own safety； however matters might turn out in the next world。 She had a devotional vein； went to mass privately； had a seat at the Church of the Capucins； and an apartment for retreat in a convent。 During her last illness the Marquise de la Ferte…Imbault； who did not love her mother's freethinking friends； excluded them； and sent for a confessor。 Mme。 Geoffrin submitted amiably； and said； smiling； 〃My daughter is like Godfrey of Bouillon； she wishes to defend my tomb against the infidels。〃
Into the composition of her salon she brought the talent of an artist。 We have a glimpse of her in 1748 through a letter from Montesquieu。 She was then about fifty； and had gathered about her a more or less distinguished company； which was enlarged after the death of Mme。 de Tencin； in the following year。 She gave dinners twice a weekone on Monday for artists； among whom were Vanloo； Vernet； and Boucher； and one on Wednesday for men of letters。 As she believed that women were apt to distract the conversation； only one was usually invited to dine with them。 Mlle。 de Lespinasse； the intellectual peer and friend of these men； sat opposite her； and aided in conducting the conversation into agreeable channels。 The talent of Mme。 Geoffrin seems to have consisted in telling a story well； in a profound knowledge of people； ready tact； and the happy art of putting every one at ease。 She did not like heated discussions nor a too pronounced expression of opinion。 〃She was willing that the philosophers should remodel the world；〃 says one of her critics； 〃on condition that the kingdom of Diderot should come without disorder or confusion。〃 But though she liked and admired this very free and eloquent Diderot； he was too bold and outspoken to have a place at her table。 Helvetius； too； fell into disfavor after the censure which his atheistic DE L'esprit brought upon him； and Baron d'Holbach was too apt to overstep the limits at which the hostess interfered with her inevitable 〃Voila qui est bien。〃 Indeed； she assumed the privilege of her years to scold her guests if they interfered with the general harmony or forgot any of the amenities。 But her scoldings were very graciously received as a slight penalty for her favor； and more or less a measure of her friendship。 She graded her courtesies with fine discrimination； and her friends found the reflection of their success or failure in her manner of receiving them。 Her keen； practical mind pierced every illusion with merciless precision。 She defined a popular abbe who posed for a bel esprit； as a 〃fool rubbed all over with wit。〃 Rulhiere had read in her salon a work on Russia； which she feared might compromise him； and she offered him a large sum of money to throw it into the fire。 The author was indignant at such a reflection upon his courage and honor； and grew warmly eloquent upon the subject。 She listened until he had finished； then said quietly； 〃How much more do you want； M。 Rulhiere？〃
The serene poise of a character without enthusiasms and without illusions is very well illustrated by a letter to Mme。 Necker。 After playfully charging her with being always infatuated； never cool and reserved； she continues：
〃Do you know； my pretty one； that your exaggerated praises confound me； instead of pleasing and flattering me？ I am always afraid that your giddiness will evaporate。 You will then judge me to be so different from your preconceived opinion that you will punish me for your own mistake； and allow me no merit at all。 I have my virtues and my good qualities； but I have also many faults。 Of these I am perfectly well aware； and every day I try to correct them。
〃My dear friend； I beg of you to lessen your excessive admiration。 I assure you that you humiliate me； and that is certainly not your intention。 The angels think very little about me； and I do not trouble myself about them。 Their praise or their blame is indifferent to me； for I shall not come in their way； but what I do desire is that you should love me； and that you should take me as you find me。〃
Again she assumes her position of mentor and writes： 〃How is it possible not to answer the kind and charming letter I have received from you？ But still I reply only to tell you that it made me a little angry。 I see that it is impossible to change anything in your uneasy； restless； and at the same time weak character。〃
Horace Walpole； who met her during his first visit to Paris； and before his intimacy with Mme。 du Deffand had colored his opinions； has left a valuable pen…portrait of Mme。 Geoffrin。 In a letter to Gray； in 1766； he writes：
〃Mme。 Geoffrin； of whom you have heard much； is an extraordinary woman； with more common sense than I almost ever met with； great quickness in discovering characters； penetrating and going to the bottom of them； and a pencil that never fails in a likeness； seldom a favorable one。 She exacts and preserves； spite of her birth and their nonsensical prejudices about nobility； great court and attention。 This she acquires by a thousand little arts and offices of friendship； and by a freedom and severity which seem to be her sole end for drawing a concourse to her。 She has little taste and less knowledge； but protects artisans and authors； and courts a few people to have the credit of serving her dependents。 In short； she is an epitome of empire； subsisting by rewards and punishments。〃
Later； when he was less disinterested； perhaps； he writes to another friend： 〃Mme。 du Deffand hates the philosophers； so you must give them up to her。 She and Mme。 Geoffrin are no friends； so if you go thither； don't tell her of itIndeed you would be sick of that house whither all the pretended beaux esprits and false savants go； and where they are