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s the Princesse Palatine； of whose winning manners； conversational charm； penetrating intellect； and loyal character Bossuet spoke so eloquently at her death。 We catch pleasant glimpses of Mme。 Deshoulieres； beautiful and a poet； of Mme。 Cornuel； of whom it was said that 〃every sin she confessed was an epigram〃； of Mme。 de Choisy； witty and piquante； of Mme。 de Doulanges； also a wit and femme d'esprit。
Linked with these by a thousand ties of sympathy and affection were the worthy counterparts of Pascal and Arnauld； of Bossuet and Fenelon； the devoted women who poured out their passionate souls at the foot of the cross； and laid their earthly hopes upon the altar of divine love。 We follow the devout Jacqueline Pascal to the cloister in which she buries her brilliant youth to die at thirty…five of a wounded conscience and a broken heart。 Many a bruised spirit； as it turns from the gay world to the mystic devotion which touches a new chord in its jaded sensibilities； finds support and inspiration in the strong and fervid sympathy of Jacqueline Arnauld； better known as Mere Angelique of Port Royal。 This profound spiritual passion was a part of the intense life of the century； which gravitated from love and ambition to the extremes of penitence and asceticism。
A multitude of minor figures； graceful and poetic； brilliant and spirituelles； flit across the canvas； leaving the fragrance of an exquisite individuality； and tempting one to extend the list of the versatile women who toned and colored the society of the period。 But we have to do； at present； especially with those who gathered and blended this fresh intelligence； delicate fancy； emotional wealth； and religious fervor； into a society including such men as Corneille； Balzac； Bossuet； Richelieu； Conde； Pascal； Arnault； and La Rochefoucauldthose who are known as leaders of more or less celebrated salons。 Of these； Mme。 de Rambouillet and Mme。 de Sable were among the best representative types of their time； and the first of the long line of social queens who； through their special gift of leadership； held so potent a sway for two centuries。
CHAPTER II。 THE HOTEL DE RAMBOUILLET Mme。 de RambouilletThe Salon BleuIts HabituesIts DiversionsCorneilleBalzacRichelieuRomance of the Grand CondeThe Young BossuetVoitureThe Duchesse de LonguevilleAngelique PauletJulie d'AngennesLes Precieuses RidiculesDecline of the SalonInfluence upon Literature and Manners
The Hotel de Rambouillet has been called the 〃cradle of polished society；〃 but the personality of its hostess is less familiar than that of many who followed in her train。 This may be partly due to the fact that she left no record of herself on paper。 She aptly embodied the kind advice of Le Brun。 It was her special talent to inspire others and to combine the various elements of a brilliant and complex social life。 The rare tact which enabled her to do this lay largely in a certain self…effacement and the peculiar harmony of a nature which presented few salient points。 She is best represented by the salon of which she was the architect and the animating spirit； but even this is better known today through its faults than its virtues。 It is a pleasant task to clear off a little dust from its memorials； and to paint in fresh colors one who played so important a role in the history of literature and manners。
Catherine de Vivonne was born at Rome in 1588。 Her father； the Marquis de Pisani； was French ambassador； and she belonged through her mother to the old Roman families of Strozzi and Savelli。 Married at sixteen to the Count d'Angennes； afterwards Marquis de Rambouillet； she was introduced to the world at the gay court of Henry IV。 But the coarse and depraved manners which ruled there were altogether distasteful to her delicate and fastidious nature。 At twenty she retired from these brilliant scenes of gilded vice； and began to gather round her the coterie of choice spirits which later became so famous。
Filled with the poetic ideals and artistic tastes which had been nourished in a thoughtful and elegant seclusion； it seems to have been the aim of her life to give them outward expression。 Her mind； which inherited the subtle refinement of the land of her birth； had taken its color from the best Italian and Spanish literature； but she was in no sense a learned woman。 She was once going to study Latin； in order to read Virgil； but was prevented by ill health。 It is clear； however； that she had a great diversity of gifts； with a basis of rare good sense and moral elevation。 〃She was revered； adored；〃 writes Mme。 de Motteville； 〃a model of courtesy； wisdom； knowledge； and sweetness。〃 She is always spoken of in the chronicles of her time as a loyal wife； a devoted mother； the benefactor of the suffering； and the sympathetic adviser of authors and artists。 The poet Segrais says： 〃She was amiable and gracious； of a sound and just mind； it is she who has corrected the bad customs which prevailed before her。 She taught politeness to all those of her time who frequented her house。 She was also a good friend； and kind to every one。〃 We are told that she was beautiful； but we know only that her face was fair and delicate； her figure tall and graceful； and her manner stately and dignified。 Her Greek love of beauty expressed itself in all her appointments。 The unique and original architecture of her hotel；which was modeled after her own designs；the arrangement of her salon； the pursuits she chose； and the amusements she planned； were all a part of her own artistic nature。 This was shown also in her code of etiquette； which imposed a fine courtesy upon the members of her coterie； and infused into life the spirit of politeness； which one of her countrymen has called the 〃flower of humanity。〃 But this esthetic quality was tempered with a clear judgment； and a keen appreciation of merit and talent； which led her to gather into her society many not 〃to the manner born。〃 Sometimes she delicately aided a needy man of letters to present a respectable appearancea kindness much less humiliating in those days of patronage that it would be today。 As may readily be imagined； these new elements often jarred upon the tastes and prejudices of her noble guests； but in spite of this it was considered an honor to be received by her； and； though not even a duchess； she was visited by princesses。
Adding to this spirit of noble independence the prestige of rank； beauty； and fortune； a temper of mingled sweetness and strength； versatile gifts controlled by an admirable reason； a serene and tranquil character； a playful humor； free from the caprices of a too exacting sensibility； a perfect savoir…faire； and we have the unusual combination which enabled her to hold her sway for so many years； without a word of censure from even the most scandal… loving of chroniclers。
〃We have sought in vain；〃 writes Cousin； 〃for that which is rarely lacking in any life of equal or even less brilliancy； some calumny or scandal； an equivocal word； or the lightest epigram。 We have found only a concert of warm eulogies which have run through many generations。 。 。 。 She has disarmed Tallemant himself。 This caricaturist of the seventeenth centur