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several subsequent years； and always with the same result。 This result has； also； been confirmed by other observers in the case of Hippeastrum with its sub…genera； and in the case of some other genera； as Lobelia； Passiflora and Verbascum。 Although the plants in these experiments appeared perfectly healthy； and although both the ovules and pollen of the same flower were perfectly good with respect to other species； yet as they were functionally imperfect in their mutual self…action； we must infer that the plants were in an unnatural state。 Nevertheless these facts show on what slight and mysterious causes the lesser or greater fertility of species when crossed； in comparison with the same species when self…fertilised； sometimes depends。
The practical experiments of horticulturists； though not made with scientific precision； deserve some notice。 It is notorious in how complicated a manner the species of Pelargonium； Fuchsia； Calceolaria； Petunia； Rhododendron； &c。； have been crossed； yet many of these hybrids seed freely。 For instance； Herbert asserts that a hybrid from Calceolaria integrifolia and plantaginea； species most widely dissimilar in general habit； 'reproduced itself as perfectly as if it had been a natural species from the mountains of Chile。' I have taken some pains to ascertain the degree of fertility of some of the complex crosses of Rhododendrons； and I am assured that many of them are perfectly fertile。 Mr C。 Noble； for instance； informs me that he raises stocks for grafting from a hybrid between Rhod。 Ponticum and Catawbiense； and that this hybrid 'seeds as freely as it is possible to imagine。' Had hybrids； when fairly treated； gone on decreasing in fertility in each successive generation； as G？rtner believes to be the case； the fact would have been notorious to nurserymen。 Horticulturists raise large beds of the same hybrids； and such alone are fairly treated； for by insect agency the several individuals of the same hybrid variety are allowed to freely cross with each other； and the injurious influence of close interbreeding is thus prevented。 Any one may readily convince himself of the efficiency of insect…agency by examining the flowers of the more sterile kinds of hybrid rhododendrons； which produce no pollen； for he will find on their stigmas plenty of pollen brought from other flowers。
In regard to animals； much fewer experiments have been carefully tried than with plants。 If our systematic arrangements can be trusted； that is if the genera of animals are as distinct from each other； as are the genera of plants； then we may infer that animals more widely separated in the scale of nature can be more easily crossed than in the case of plants； but the hybrids themselves are； I think； more sterile。 I doubt whether any case of a perfectly fertile hybrid animal can be considered as thoroughly well authenticated。 It should； however； be borne in mind that； owing to few animals breeding freely under confinement； few experiments have been fairly tried： for instance； the canary…bird has been crossed with nine other finches； but as not one of these nine species breeds freely in confinement； we have no right to expect that the first crosses between them and the canary； or that their hybrids； should be perfectly fertile。 Again； with respect to the fertility in successive generations of the more fertile hybrid animals； I hardly know of an instance in which two families of the same hybrid have been raised at the same time from different parents； so as to avoid the ill effects of close interbreeding。 On the contrary； brothers and sisters have usually been crossed in each successive generation； in opposition to the constantly repeated admonition of every breeder。 And in this case； it is not at all surprising that the inherent sterility in the hybrids should have gone on increasing。 If we were to act thus； and pair brothers and sisters in the case of any pure animal； which from any cause had the least tendency to sterility； the breed would assuredly be lost in a very few generations。
Although I do not know of any thoroughly well…authenticated cases of perfectly fertile hybrid animals； I have some reason to believe that the hybrids from Cervulus vaginalis and Reevesii； and from Phasianus colchicus with p。 torquatus and with p。 versicolor are perfectly fertile。 The hybrids from the common and Chinese geese （A。 cygnoides）； species which are so different that they are generally ranked in distinct genera； have often bred in this country with either pure parent； and in one single instance they have bred inter se。 This was effected by Mr Eyton； who raised two hybrids from the same parents but from different hatches； and from these two birds he raised no less than eight hybrids （grandchildren of the pure geese） from one nest。 In India； however； these cross…bred geese must be far more fertile； for I am assured by two eminently capable judges； namely Mr Blyth and Capt。 Hutton； that whole flocks of these crossed geese are kept in various parts of the country； and as they are kept for profit； where neither pure parent…species exists； they must certainly be highly fertile。
A doctrine which originated with Pallas； has been largely accepted by modern naturalists； namely； that most of our domestic animals have descended from two or more aboriginal species； since commingled by intercrossing。 On this view； the aboriginal species must either at first have produced quite fertile hybrids； or the hybrids must have become in subsequent generations quite fertile under domestication。 This latter alternative seems to me the most probable； and I am inclined to believe in its truth； although its rests on no direct evidence。 I believe； for instance； that our dogs have descended from several wild stocks； yet； with perhaps the exception of certain indigenous domestic dogs of South America； all are quite fertile together； and analogy makes me greatly doubt； whether the several aboriginal species would at first have freely bred together and have produced quite fertile hybrids。 So again there is reason to believe that our European and the humped Indian cattle are quite fertile together； but from facts communicated to me by Mr Blyth； I think they must be considered as distinct species。 On this view of the origin of many of our domestic animals； we must either give up the belief of the almost universal sterility of distinct species of animals when crossed； or we must look at sterility； not as an indelible characteristic； but as one capable of being removed by domestication。
Finally； looking to all the ascertained facts on the intercrossing of plants and animals； it may be concluded that some degree of sterility； both in first crosses and in hybrids； is an extremely general result； but that it cannot； under our present state of knowledge； be considered as absolutely universal。
Laws governing the Sterility of first Crosses and of Hybrids。 We will now consider a little more in detail the circumstances and rules governing the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids。 Our chief object will be to see whether or not the rules indicate that species have specially been endowed with this quality； in order to prevent their crossing and blending together in utt