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odification of her instinct led her to make her waxen cells near together； so as to intersect a little； for a wall in common even to two adjoining cells； would save some little wax。 Hence it would continually be more and more advantageous to our humble…bee； if she were to make her cells more and more regular； nearer together； and aggregated into a mass； like the cells of the Melipona； for in this case a large part of the bounding surface of each cell would serve to bound other cells； and much wax would be saved。 Again； from the same cause； it would be advantageous to the Melipona； if she were to make her cells closer together； and more regular in every way than at present； for then； as we have seen； the spherical surfaces would wholly disappear； and would all be replaced by plane surfaces； and the Melipona would make a comb as perfect as that of the hive…bee。 Beyond this stage of perfection in architecture； natural selection could not lead； for the comb of the hive…bee； as far as we can see； is absolutely perfect in economising wax。
Thus； as I believe； the most wonderful of all known instincts； that of the hive…bee； can be explained by natural selection having taken advantage of numerous； successive； slight modifications of simpler instincts； natural selection having by slow degrees； more and more perfectly； led the bees to sweep equal spheres at a given distance from each other in a double layer； and to build up and excavate the wax along the planes of intersection。 The bees； of course； no more knowing that they swept their spheres at one particular distance from each other； than they know what are the several angles of the hexagonal prisms and of the basal rhombic plates。 The motive power of the process of natural selection having been economy of wax； that individual swarm which wasted least honey in the secretion of wax； having succeeded best； and having transmitted by inheritance its newly acquired economical instinct to new swarms； which in their turn will have had the best chance of succeeding in the struggle for existence。
No doubt many instincts of very difficult explanation could be opposed to the theory of natural selection； cases； in which we cannot see how an instinct could possibly have originated； cases； in which no intermediate gradations are known to exist； cases of instinct of apparently such trifling importance； that they could hardly have been acted on by natural selection； cases of instincts almost identically the same in animals so remote in the scale of nature； that we cannot account for their similarity by inheritance from a common parent； and must therefore believe that they have been acquired by independent acts of natural selection。 I will not here enter on these several cases； but will confine myself to one special difficulty； which at first appeared to me insuperable； and actually fatal to my whole theory。 I allude to the neuters or sterile females in insect…communities： for these neuters often differ widely in instinct and in structure from both the males and fertile females； and yet； from being sterile； they cannot propagate their kind。
The subject well deserves to be discussed at great length； but I will here take only a single case； that of working or sterile ants。 How the workers have been rendered sterile is a difficulty； but not much greater than that of any other striking modification of structure； for it can be shown that some insects and other articulate animals in a state of nature occasionally become sterile； and if such insects had been social； and it had been profitable to the community that a number should have been annually born capable of work； but incapable of procreation； I can see no very great difficulty in this being effected by natural selection。 But I must pass over this preliminary difficulty。 The great difficulty lies in the working ants differing widely from both the males and the fertile females in structure； as in the shape of the thorax and in being destitute of wings and sometimes of eyes； and in instinct。 As far as instinct alone is concerned； the prodigious difference in this respect between the workers and the perfect females； would have been far better exemplified by the hive…bee。 If a working ant or other neuter insect had been an animal in the ordinary state； I should have unhesitatingly assumed that all its characters had been slowly acquired through natural selection； namely； by an individual having been born with some slight profitable modification of structure； this being inherited by its offspring； which again varied and were again selected； and so onwards。 But with the working ant we have an insect differing greatly from its parents； yet absolutely sterile； so that it could never have transmitted successively acquired modifications of structure or instinct to its progeny。 It may well be asked how is it possible to reconcile this case with the theory of natural selection？
First； let it be remembered that we have innumerable instances； both in our domestic productions and in those in a state of nature； of all sorts of differences of structure which have become correlated to certain ages； and to either sex。 We have differences correlated not only to one sex； but to that short period alone when the reproductive system is active； as in the nuptial plumage of many birds； and in the hooked jaws of the male salmon。 We have even slight differences in the horns of different breeds of cattle in relation to an artificially imperfect state of the male sex； for oxen of certain breeds have longer horns than in other breeds； in comparison with the horns of the bulls or cows of these same breeds。 Hence I can see no real difficulty in any character having become correlated with the sterile condition of certain members of insect…communities： the difficulty lies in understanding how such correlated modifications of structure could have been slowly accumulated by natural selection。
This difficulty； though appearing insuperable； is lessened； or； as I believe； disappears； when it is remembered that selection may be applied to the family； as well as to the individual； and may thus gain the desired end。 Thus； a well…flavoured vegetable is cooked； and the individual is destroyed； but the horticulturist sows seeds of the same stock； and confidently expects to get nearly the same variety； breeders of cattle wish the flesh and fat to be well marbled together； the animal has been slaughtered； but the breeder goes with confidence to the same family。 I have such faith in the powers of selection； that I do not doubt that a breed of cattle； always yielding oxen with extraordinarily long horns； could be slowly formed by carefully watching which individual bulls and cows； when matched； produced oxen with the longest horns； and yet no one ox could ever have propagated its kind。 Thus I believe it has been with social insects： a slight modification of structure； or instinct； correlated with the sterile condition of certain members of the community； has been advantageous to the community： consequently the fertile males and females of the same community flourished； and transmitted to their fertile offspring a tendency to produce sterile members having the same modification。 And I believe tha