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doubtfully inclined to believe； in opposition to several authors； that all the races have descended from one wild stock。 Mr Blyth； whose opinion； from his large and varied stores of knowledge； I should value more than that of almost any one； thinks that all the breeds of poultry have proceeded from the common wild Indian fowl （Gallus bankiva）。 In regard to ducks and rabbits； the breeds of which differ considerably from each other in structure； I do not doubt that they all have descended from the common wild duck and rabbit。
The doctrine of the origin of our several domestic races from several aboriginal stocks； has been carried to an absurd extreme by some authors。 They believe that every race which breeds true； let the distinctive characters be ever so slight； has had its wild prototype。 At this rate there must have existed at least a score of species of wild cattle； as many sheep； and several goats in Europe alone； and several even within Great Britain。 One author believes that there formerly existed in Great Britain eleven wild species of sheep peculiar to it！ When we bear in mind that Britain has now hardly one peculiar mammal； and France but few distinct from those of Germany and conversely； and so with Hungary； Spain； &c。； but that each of these kingdoms possesses several peculiar breeds of cattle； sheep； &c。； we must admit that many domestic breeds have originated in Europe； for whence could they have been derived； as these several countries do not possess a number of peculiar species as distinct parent…stocks？ So it is in India。 Even in the case of the domestic dogs of the whole world； which I fully admit have probably descended from several wild species； I cannot doubt that there has been an immense amount of inherited variation。 Who can believe that animals closely resembling the Italian greyhound； the bloodhound； the bull…dog； or Blenheim spaniel； &c。 so unlike all wild Canidae ever existed freely in a state of nature？ It has often been loosely said that all our races of dogs have been produced by the crossing of a few aboriginal species； but by crossing we can get only forms in some degree intermediate between their parents； and if we account for our several domestic races by this process； we must admit the former existence of the most extreme forms； as the Italian greyhound； bloodhound； bull…dog； &c。； in the wild state。 Moreover； the possibility of making distinct races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated。 There can be no doubt that a race may be modified by occasional crosses； if aided by the careful selection of those individual mongrels； which present any desired character； but that a race could be obtained nearly intermediate between two extremely different races or species； I can hardly believe。 Sir J。 Sebright expressly experimentised for this object； and failed。 The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes （as I have found with pigeons） extremely uniform； and everything seems simple enough； but when these mongrels are crossed one with another for several generations； hardly two of them will be alike； and then the extreme difficulty； or rather utter hopelessness； of the task becomes apparent。 Certainly； a breed intermediate between two very distinct breeds could not be got without extreme care and long…continued selection； nor can I find a single case on record of a permanent race having been thus formed。
On the Breeds of the Domestic pigeon。
Believing that it is always best to study some special group； I have； after deliberation； taken up domestic pigeons。 I have kept every breed which I could purchase or obtain； and have been most kindly favoured with skins from several quarters of the world； more especially by the Hon。 W。 Elliot from India； and by the Hon。 C。 Murray from Persia。 Many treatises in different languages have been published on pigeons； and some of them are very important； as being of considerably antiquity。 I have associated with several eminent fanciers； and have been permitted to join two of the London Pigeon Clubs。 The diversity of the breeds is something astonishing。 Compare the English carrier and the short…faced tumbler； and see the wonderful difference in their beaks； entailing corresponding differences in their skulls。 The carrier； more especially the male bird； is also remarkable from the wonderful development of the carunculated skin about the head； and this is accompanied by greatly elongated eyelids； very large external orifices to the nostrils； and a wide gape of mouth。 The short…faced tumbler has a beak in outline almost like that of a finch； and the common tumbler has the singular and strictly inherited habit of flying at a great height in a compact flock； and tumbling in the air head over heels。 The runt is a bird of great size； with long； massive beak and large feet； some of the sub…breeds of runts have very long necks； others very long wings and tails； others singularly short tails。 The barb is allied to the carrier； but； instead of a very long beak； has a very short and very broad one。 The pouter has a much elongated body； wings； and legs； and its enormously developed crop； which it glories in inflating； may well excite astonishment and even laughter。 The turbit has a very short and conical beak； with a line of reversed feathers down the breast； and it has the habit of continually expanding slightly the upper part of the oesophagus。 The Jacobin has the feathers so much reversed along the back of the neck that they form a hood； and it has； proportionally to its size； much elongated wing and tail feathers。 The trumpeter and laugher； as their names express； utter a very different coo from the other breeds。 The fantail has thirty or even forty tail…feathers； instead of twelve or fourteen； the normal number in all members of the great pigeon family； and these feathers are kept expanded； and are carried so erect that in good birds the head and tail touch； the oil…gland is quite aborted。 Several other less distinct breeds might have been specified。
In the skeletons of the several breeds； the development of the bones of the face in length and breadth and curvature differs enormously。 The shape； as well as the breadth and length of the ramus of the lower jaw； varies in a highly remarkable manner。 The number of the caudal and sacral vertebrae vary； as does the number of the ribs； together with their relative breadth and the presence of processes。 The size and shape of the apertures in the sternum are highly variable； so is the degree of divergence and relative size of the two arms of the furcula。 The proportional width of the gape of mouth； the proportional length of the eyelids； of the orifice of the nostrils； of the tongue （not always in strict correlation with the length of beak）； the size of the crop and of the upper part of the oesophagus； the development and abortion of the oil…gland； the number of the primary wing and caudal feathers； the relative length of wing and tail to each other and to the body； the relative length of leg and of the feet； the number of scutellae on the toes； the development of skin between the toes； are all points of structure which are variable。 The period at which the perfect plumage is acquired varies； a