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storre with Lavinia Colonna； at Midsummer； 1500。 The festival began and lasted several days amid gloomy forebodings； whose deepening effect is admirably described by Matarazzo。 Varano himself encouraged them with devilish ingenuity： he worked upon Grifone by the prospect of undivided authority； and by stories of an imaginary intrigue of his wife Zenobia with Gianpaolo。 Finally each conspirator was provided with a victim。 （The Baglioni lived all of them in separate houses； mostly on the site of the pre sent castle。） Each received fifteen of the bravos at hand； the remainder were set on the watch。 In the night of July 15 the doors were forced； and Guido； Astorre； Simonetto； and Gismondo were murdered； the others succeeded in escaping。
As the corpse of Astorre lay by that of Simonetto in the street； the spectators； 'and especially the foreign students；' compared him to an ancient Roman； so great and imposing did he seem。 In the features of Simonetto could still be traced the audacity and defiance which death itself had not tamed。 The victors went round among the friends of the family； and did their best to recommend themselves； they found all in tears and preparing to leave for the country。 Meantime the escaped Baglioni collected forces without the city； and on the following day forced their way in； Gianpaolo at their head； and speedily found adherents among others whom Barciglia had been threatening with death。 When Grifone fell into their hands near Sant' Ercolano； Gianpaolo handed him over for execution to his followers。 Barciglia and Penna fled to Varano； the chief author of the tragedy； at Camerino； and in a moment； almost without loss； Gianpaolo became master of the city。
Atalanta； the still young and beautiful mother of Grifone； who the day before had withdrawn to a country house with the latter's wife Zenobia and two children of Gianpaolo； and more than once had repulsed her son with a mother's curse； now returned with her daughter…in…law in search of the dying man。 All stood aside as the two women approached； each man shrinking from being recognized as the slayer of Grifone； and dreading the malediction of the mother。 But they were deceived： she herself besought her son to pardon him who had dealt the fatal blow； and he died with her blessing。 The eyes of the crowd followed the two women reverently as they crossed the square with blood…stained garments。 It was Atalanta for whom Raphael afterwards painted the world…famous 'Deposition；' with which she laid her own maternal sorrows at the feet of a yet higher and holier suffering。
The cathedral； in the immediate neighbourhood of which the greater part of this tragedy had been enacted； was washed with wine and consecrated afresh。 The triumphal arch； erected for the wedding； still remained standing； painted with the deeds of Astorre and with the laudatory verses of the narrator of these events； the worthy Matarazzo。
A legendary history； which is simply the reflection of these atrocities； arose out of the early days of the Baglioni。 All the members of this family from the beginning were reported to have died an evil death twenty…seven on one occasion together； their houses were said to have been once before levelled to the ground； and the streets of Perugia paved with the bricks and more of the same kind。 Under Paul III the destruction of their palaces really took place。
For a time they seemed to have formed good resolutions； to have brought their own party into power； and to have protected the public officials against the arbitrary acts of the nobility。 But the old curse broke out again like a smoldering fire。 In 1520 Gianpaolo was enticed to Rome under Leo X； and there beheaded； one of his sons； Orazio； who ruled in Perugia for a short time only； and by the most violent means； as the partisan of the Duke of Urbino （himself threatened by the Pope）； once before repeated in his own family the horrors of the past。 His uncle and three cousins were murdered； whereupon the Duke sent him word that enough had been done。 His brother； Malatesta Baglione； the Florentine general； has made himself immortal by the treason of 1530； and Malatesta's son Ridolfo； the last of the house； attained； by the murder of the legate and the public officers in the year 1534； a brief but sanguinary authority。 We shall meet again with the names of the rulers of Rimini。 Unscrupulousness； impiety； military skill； and high culture have been seldom combined in one individual as in Sigismondo Malatesta （d。 1467）。 But the accumulated crimes of such a family must at last outweigh all talent； however great； and drag the tyrant into the abyss。 Pandolfo； Sigismondo's nephew； who has been mentioned already； succeeded in holding his ground； for the sole reason that the Venetians refused to abandon their Condottiere； whatever guilt he might be chargeable with； when his subjects （1497）； after ample provocation； bombarded him in his castle at Rimini； and afterwards allowed him to escape； a Venetian commissioner brought him back； stained as he was with fratricide and every other abomination。 Thirty years later the Malatesta were penniless exiles。 In the year 1527； as in the time of Cesare Borgia； a sort of epidemic fell on the petty tyrants； few of them outlived this date； and none to t heir own good。 At Mirandola； which was governed by insignificant princes of the house of Pico； lived in the year 1533 a poor scholar； Lilio Gregorio Giraldi； who had fled from the sack of Rome to the hospitable hearth of the aged Giovanni Francesco Pico； nephew of the famous Giovanni； the discussions as to the sepulchral monument which the prince was constructing f or himself gave rise to a treatise； the dedication of which bears the date of April of this year。 The postscript is a sad one。 In October of the same year the unhappy prince was attacked in the night and robbed of life and throne by his brother's son； and I myself escaped narrowly； and am now in the deepest misery。'
A near…despotism； without morals or principles； such as Pandolfo Petrucci exercised from after 1490 in Siena； then torn by faction； is hardly worth a closer consideration。 Insignificant and malicious； he governed with the help of a professor of juris prudence and of an astrologer； and frightened his people by an occasional murder。 His pastime in the summer months was to roll blocks of stone from the top of Monte Amiata； without caring what or whom they hit。 After succeeding； where the most prudent failed； in escaping from the devices of Cesare Borgia； he died at last forsaken and despised。 His sons maintained a qualified supremacy for many years afterwards。
The Greater Dynasties
In treating of the chief dynasties of Italy； it is convenient t discuss the Aragonese； on account of its special character； apart from the rest。 The feudal system； which from the days of the Nor mans had survived in the form of a territorial supremacy of the Barons； gave a distinctive color to the political constitution of Naples； while elsewhere in Italy； excepting only in the southern part of the ecclesiastical dominion； and in a few other districts； a direct tenure