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immense learning； the fame of his works； money； rank and credit； powerful friends； the knowledge of many secrets； and； best of all； belief in God。 After this； he counts the teeth in his head； and finds that he was fifteen。
Yet when Cardano wrote； Inquisitors and Spaniards were already busy in Italy； either hindering the production of such natures； or； where they existed； by some means or other putting them out of the way。 There lies a gulf between this book and the memoirs of Alfieri。
Yet it would be unjust to close this list of autobiographers without listening to a word from one man who was both worthy and happy。 This is the well…known philosopher of practical life； Luigi Cornaro； whose dwelling at Padua； classical as an architectural work； was at the same time the home of all the muses。 In his famous treatise 'On the Sober Life；' he describes the strict regimen by which he succeeded； after a sickly youth； in reaching an advanced and healthy age； then of eighty… three years。 He goes on to answer those who despise life after the age of sixty…five as a living death； showing them that his own life had nothing deadly about it。 'Let them come and see； and wonder at my good health； how I mount on horseback without help； how I run upstairs and up hills； how cheerful； amusing； and contented I am； how free from care and disagreeable thoughts。 Peace and joy never quit me。。。。 My friends are wise； learned； and distinguished people of good position； and when they are not with me I read and write； and try thereby； as by all other means。 to be useful to others。 Each of these things I do at the proper time； and at my ease； in my dwelling； which is beautiful and lies in the best part of Padua； and is arranged both for summer and winter with all the resources of architecture； and provided with a garden by the running water。 In the spring and autumn； I go for awhile to my hill in the most beautiful part of the Euganean mountains； where I have fountains and gardens； and a comfortable dwelling； and there I amuse myself with some easy and pleasant chase； which is suitable to my years。 At other times I go to my villa on the plain； there all the paths lead to an open space； in the middle of which stands a pretty church； an arm of the Brenta flows through the plantations fruitful； well…cultivated fields； now fully peopled； which the marshes and the foul air once made fitter for snakes than for men。 It was I who drained the country； then the air became good； and people settled there and multiplied； and the land became cultivated as it now is； so that T can truly say： 〃On this spot I gave to God an altar and a temple； and souls to worship Him。〃 This is my consolation and my happiness whenever I come here。 In the spring and autumn； I also visit the neighbouring towns； to see and converse with my friends； through whom I make the acquaintance of other distinguished men； architects； painters； sculptors； musicians； and cultivators of the soil。 I see what new things they have done； I look again at what I know already； and learn much that is of use to me。 I see palaces； gardens； antiquities； public grounds； churches； and fortifications。 But what most of all delights me when I travel； is the beauty of the country and the places； lying now on the plain； now on the slopes of the hills； or on the banks of rivers and streams； surrounded by gardens and villas。 And these enjoyments are not diminished through weakness of the eyes or the ears； all my senses （thank God！） are in the best condition； including the sense of taste； for I enjoy more the simple food which I now take in moderation； than all the delicacies which I ate in my years of disorder。' After mentioning the works he had undertaken on behalf of the republic for draining the marshes； and the projects which he had constantly advocated for preserving the lagoons； he thus concludes：
'These are the true recreations of an old age which God has permitted to be healthy； and which is free from those mental and bodily sufferings to which so many young people and so many sickly older people succumb。 And if it be allowable to add the little to the great； to add jest to earnest； it may be mentioned as a result of my moderate life； that in my eightythird year I have written a most amusing comedy； full of blameless wit。 Such works are generally the business of youth； as tragedy is the business of old age。 If it is reckoned to the credit of the famous Greek that he wrote a tragedy in his seventythird year； must I not； with my ten years more； be more cheerful and healthy than he ever was？ And that no consolation may be wanting in the overflowing cup of my old age； I see before my eyes a sort of bodily immortality in the persons of my descendants。 When I come home I see before me； not one or two； but eleven grandchildren； between the ages of two and eighteen； all from the same father and mother； all healthy； and； so far as can already be judged； all gifted with the talent and disposition for learning and a good life。 One of the younger I have as my playmate （buffoncello）； since children from the third to the fifth year are born to tricks； the elder ones I treat as my companions； and； as they have admirable voices； I take delight in hearing them sing and play on different instruments。 And I sing myself； and find my voice better； clearer； and louder than ever。 These are the pleasures of my last years。 My life； therefore； is alive； and not dead； nor would I exchange my age for the youth of such as live in the service of their passions。'
In the 'Exhortation' which Cornaro added at a much later time； in his ninety…fifth year； he reckons it among the elements of his happiness that his 'Treatise' had made many converts。 He died at Padua in 1565； at the age of over a hundred years。
This national gift did not； however； confine itself to the criticism and description of individuals； but felt itself competent to deal with the qualities and characteristics of whole peoples。 Throughout the Middle Ages the cities； families； and nations of all Europe were in the habit of making insulting and derisive attacks on one another； which； with much caricature； contained commonly a kernel of truth。 But from the first the Italians surpassed all others in their quick apprehension of the mental differences among cities and populations。 Their local patriotism； stronger probably than in any other medieval people； soon found expression in literature； and allied itself with the current conception of 'Fame。' Topography became the counterpart of biography； while all the more important cities began to celebrate their own praises in prose and verse； writers appeared who made the chief towns and districts the subject partly of a serious comparative description； partly of satire； and sometimes of notices in which jest and earnest are not easy to be distinguished。 Next to some famous passages in the 'Divine Comedy；' we have here the 'Dittamondo' of Uberti （about 1360）。 As a rule； only single remarkable facts and characteristics are here mentioned： the Feast of the Crows at Sant' Apollinare in Ravenna； the springs at Treviso； the great cellar near Vicen