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to conceive of Shakespeare himself under a Spanish viceroy； or in the neighbourhood of the Holy Inquisition at Rome； or in his own country a few decades later； at the time o English Revolution。 The stage； which in its perfection is a product of every civilization； must wait for its own time and fortune。
We must not； however； quit this subject without mentioning certain circumstances which were of a character to hinder or retard a high development of the drama in Italy； till the time for it had gone by。
As the most weighty of these causes we must mention without doubt that the scenic tastes of the people were occupied elsewhere； and chiefly in the mysteries and religious processions。 Throughout all Europe dramatic representations of sacred history and legend form the origin of the secular drama； but Italy； as will be shown more fully in the sequel； had spent on the mysteries such a wealth of decorative splendor as could not but be unfavorable to the dramatic element。 Out of all the countless and costly representations； there sprang not even a branch of poetry like the 'Autos Sagramentales' of Calderon and other Spanish poets； much less any advantage or foundation for the secular drama。
And when the latter did at length appear； it at once gave itself up to magnificence of scenic effects； to which the mysteries had already accustomed the public taste to far too great an extent。 We learn with astonishment how rich and splendid the scenes in Italy were； at a time when in the North the simplest indication of the place was thought sufficient。 This alone might have had no such unfavorable effect on the drama； if the attention of the audience had not been drawn away from the poetical conception of the play partly by the splendor of the costumes； partly and chiefly by fantastic interludes （Intermezzi）。
That in many places； particularly in Rome and Ferrara； Plautus and Terence； as well as pieces by the old tragedians； were given in Latin or in Italian； that the academies of which we have already spoken； made this one of their chief objects； and that the poets of the Renaissance followed these models too servilely； were all untoward conditions for the Italian stage at the period in question。 Yet I hold them to be of secondary importance。 Had not the Counter…reformation and the rule of foreigners intervened； these very disadvantages might have been turned into useful means of transition。 At all events； by the year 1520 the victory of the mother…tongue in tragedy and comedy was； to the great disgust of the humanists； as good as won。 On this side； then； no obstacle stood in the way of the most developed people in Europe； to hinder them from raising the drama； in its noblest forms； to be a true reflection of human life and destiny。 It was the Inquisitors and Spaniards who cowed the Italian spirit； and rendered impossible the representation of the greatest and most sublime themes； most of all when they were associated with patriotic memories。 At the same time； there is no doubt that the distracting 'Intermezzi' did serious harm to the drama。 We must now consider them a little more closely。
When the marriage of Alfonso of Ferrara with Lucrezia Borgia was celebrated； Duke Ercole in person showed his illustrious guests the 110 costumes which were to serve at the representation of five comedies of Plautus； in order that all might see that not one of them was used twice。 But all this display of silk and camlet was nothing to the ballets and pantomimes which served as interludes between the acts of the Plautine dramas。 That； in comparison； Plautus himself seemed mortally dull to a lively young lady like Isabella Gonzaga； and that while the play was going on everybody was longing for the interludes； is quite intelligible； when we think of the picturesque brilliancy with which they were put on the stage。 There were to be seen combats of Roman warriors； who brandished their weapons to the sound of music； torch…dances executed by Moors； a dance of savages with horns of plenty； out of which streamed waves of fire all as the ballet of a pantomime in which a maiden was delivered from a dragon。 Then came a dance of fools； got up as Punches； beating one another with pigs' bladders； with more of the same kind。 At the Court of Ferrara they never gave a comedy without 'its' ballet （Moresca）。 In what style the 'Amphitruo' of Plautus was there represented （1491） at the first marriage of Alfonso with Anna Sforza）； is doubtful。 Possibly it was given rather as a pantomime with music than as a drama。 In any case； the accessories were more considerable than the play itself。 There was a choral dance of ivy…clad youths； moving in intricate figures； done to the music of a ringing orchestra； then came Apollo； striking the lyre with the plectrum； and singing an ode to the praise of the House of Este； then followed； as an interlude within an interlude； a kind of rustic farce； after which the stage was again occupied by classical mythologyVenus； Bacchus and their followersand by a pantomime representing the judgement of Paris。
Not till then was the second half of the fable of Amphitruo performed； with unmistakable references to the future birth of a Hercules of the House of Este。 At a former representation of the same piece in the courtyard of the palace （1487）； 'a paradise with stars and other wheels；' was constantly burning； by which is probably meant an illumination with fireworks； that； no doubt； absorbed most of the attention of the spectators。 It was certainly better when such performances were given separately； as was the case at other courts。 We shall have to speak of the entertainments given by the Cardinal Pietro Riario； by the Bentivogli at Bologna； and by others； when we come to treat of the festivals in general。
This scenic magnificence； now become universal； had a disastrous effect on Italian tragedy。 'In Venice formerly；' writes Francesco Sansovino； about 1570； 'besides comedies； tragedies by ancient and modern writers were put on the stage with great pomp。 The fame of the scenic arrangements _（apparati） _brought spectators from far and near。 Nowadays； performances are given by private individuals in their own houses； and the custom has long been fixed of passing the carnival in comedies and other cheerful entertainments。' In other words； scenic display had helped to kill tragedy。
The various starts or attempts of these modern tragedians； among which the 'Sofonisba' of Trissino （1515） was the most celebrated； belong in the history of literature。 The same may be said of genteel comedy； modelled on Plautus and Terence。 Even Ariosto could do nothing of the first order in this style。 On the other hand； popular prose…comedy； as treated by Machiavelli； Bibbiena； and Aretino； might have had a future； if its matter had not condemned it to destruction。 This was； on the one hand； licentious to the last degree； and on the other； aimed at certain classes in society； which； after the middle of the sixteenth century； ceased to afford a ground for public attacks。 If in the 'Sofonisba' the portrayal of character gave place to brilliant declamation； the latter；