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a part； beginning with the 'Teseid' of Boccaccio； which passes for his best poetical work。 Under Martin V； Maffeo Vegio wrote in Latin a thirteenth book to the； Aeneid； besides which we meet with many less considerable attempts； especially in the style of Claudiana 'Meleagris；' a 'Hesperis；' and so forth。 Still more curious were the newly…invented myths； which peopled the fairest regions of Italy with a primeval race of gods； nymphs； genii； and even shepherds； the epic and bucolic styles here passing into one another。 In the narrative or conversational eclogue after the time of Petrarch； pastoral life was treated in a purely conventional manner； as a vehicle of all possible feelings and fancies； and this point will be touched on again in the sequel。58 For the moment； we have only to do with the new myths。 In them； more clearly than anywhere else； we see the double significance of the old gods to the men of the Renaissance。 On the one hand； they replace abstract terms in poetry； and render allegorical figures superfluous； and； on the other； they serve as free and independent elements in art； as forms of beauty which can be turned to some account in any and every poem。 The example was boldly set by Boccaccio； with his fanciful world of gods and shepherds who people the country round Florence in his 'Ninfale d'Ameto' and 'Ninfale Fiesolano。' Both these poems were written in Italian。 But the masterpiece in this style was the 'Sarca' of Pietro Bembo； which tells how the river…god of that name wooed the nymph Garda； of the brilliant marriage feast in a cave of Monte Baldo； of the prophecies of Manto； daughter of Tiresias； of the birth of the child Mincius； of the founding of Mantua； and of the future glory of Virgil； son of Mincius and of Magia； nymph of Andes。 This humanistic rococo is set forth by Bembo in verses of great beauty； concluding with 。an address to Virgil； which any poet might envy him。 Such works are often slighted as mere declamation。 This is a matter of taste on which we are all free to form our own opinion。
Further； we find long epic poems in hexameters on biblical or ecclesiastical subjects。 The authors were by no means always in search of preferment or of papal favour。 With the best of them； and even with less gifted writers； like Battista Mantovano； the author of the 'Parthenice；' there was probably an honest desire to serve religion by their Latin versesa desire with which their half…pagan conception of Catholicism harmonized well enough。 Gyraldus goes through a list of these poets； among whom Vida； with his 'Christiad' and Sannazaro； with his three books； 'De partu Virginis' hold the first place。 Sannazaro （b。 1458； d。 1530） is impressive by the steady and powerful flow of his verse； in which Christian and pagan elements are mingled without scruple； by the plastic vigor of his description； and by the perfection of his workmanship。 He could venture to introduce Virgil's fourth Eclogue into his song of the shepherds at the manger without fearing a comparison。 In treating of the unseen world； he sometimes gives proofs of a boldness worthy of Dante； as when King David in the Limbo of the Patriarchs rises up to sing and prophesy； or when the Eternal； sitting on the throne clad in a mantle shining with pictures of all the elements； addresses the heavenly host。 At other times he does not hesitate to weave the whole classical mythology into his subject； yet without spoiling the harmony of the whole； since the pagan deities are only accessory figures； and play no important part in the story。 To appreciate the artistic genius of that age in all its bearings； we must not refuse to notice such works as these。 The merit of Sannazaro will appear the greater； when we consider that the mixture of Christian and pagan elements is apt to disturb us much more in poetry than in the visual arts。 The latter can still satisfy the eye by beauty of form and color； and in general are much more independent of the significance of the subject than poetry。 With them； the imagination is interested chiefly in the form； with poetry； in the matter。 Honest Battista Mantovano； in his calendar of the festivals； tried another expedient。 Instead of making the gods and demigods serve the purposes of sacred history； he put them； as the Fathers of the Church did； in active opposition to it。 When the angel Gabriel salutes the Virgin at Nazareth； Mercury flies after him from Carmel； and listens at the door。 He then announces the result of his eavesdropping to the assembled gods； and stimulates them thereby to desperate resolutions。 Elsewhere； it is true； in his writings； Thetis； Ceres； Aeolus； and other pagan deities pay willing homage to the glory of the Madonna。
The fame of Sannazaro； the number of his imitators； the enthusiastic homage which was paid to him by the greatest men； all show how dear and necessary he was to his age。 On the threshold of the Reformation he solved for the Church the problem； whether it were possible for a poet to be a Christian as well as a classic； and both Leo and Clement were loud in their thanks for his achievements。
And； finally； contemporary history was now treated in hexameters or distichs； sometimes in a narrative and sometimes in a panegyrical style； but most commonly to the honour of some prince or princely family。 We thus meet with a Sforziad； a Borseid； a Laurentiad； a Borgiad； a Trivulziad； and the like。 The object sought after was certainly not attained； for those who became famous and are now immortal owe it to anything rather than to this sort of poems； for which the world has always had an ineradicable dislike； even when they happen to be written by good poets。 A wholly different effect is produced by smaller； simpler and more unpretentious scenes from the lives of distinguished men； such as the beautiful poem on Leo X's 'Hunt at Palo；' or the 'Journey of Aulius II' by Adrian of Corneto。 Brilliant descriptions of hunting…parties are found in Ercole Strozzi； in the above…mentioned Adrian； and in others； and it is a pity that the modern reader should allow himself to be irritated or repelled by the adulation with which they are doubtless filled。 The masterly treatment and the considerable historical value of many of these most graceful poems guarantee to them a longer existence than many popular works of our own day are likely to attain。
In general； these poems are good in proportion to the sparing use of the sentimental and the general。 Some of the smaller epic poems； even of recognized masters； unintentionally produce； by the ill…timed introduction of mythological elements； an impression that is indescribably ludicrous。 Such； for instance； is the lament of Ercole Strozzi on Cesare Borgia。 We there listen to the complaint of Roma； who had set all her hopes on the Spanish Popes； Calixtus III and Alexander VI； and who saw her promised deliverer in Cesare。 His history is related down to the catastrophe of 1503。 The poet then asks the Muse what were the counsels of the gods at that moment； and Erato tells how； upon Olympus； Pallas took the part of the Spaniards； Venus of the Italians； how both then embrace