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re was left in his time than was found by Raphael eighty years later。 He saw the tomb of Caecilia Metella and the columns in front of one of the temples on the slope of the Capitol； first in full preservation； and then afterwards half destroyed； owing to that unfortunate quality which marble possesses of being easily burnt into lime。 A vast colonnade near the Minerva fell piecemeal a victim to the same fate。 A witness in the year 1443 tells us that this manufacture of lime still went on： 'which is a shame； for the new buildings are pitiful； and the beauty of Rome is in its ruins。' The inhabitants of that day； in their peasant's cloaks and boots； looked to foreigners like cowherds； and in fact the cattle were pastured in the city up to the Banchi。 The only social gatherings were the services at church； on which occasion it was possible also to get a sight of the beautiful women。
In the last years of Eugenius IV （d。 1447） Biondus of Forli wrote his 'Roma Instaurata；' making use of Frontinus and of the old 'Libri Regionali；' as well as； it seems； of Anastasius。 His object is not only the description of what existed； but still more the recovery of what was lost。 In accordance with the dedication to the Pope； he consoles himself for the general ruin by the thought of the precious relics of the saints in which Rome was so rich。
With Nicholas V （1447…1455） that new monumental spirit which was distinctive of the age of the Renaissance appeared on the papal throne。 The new passion for embellishing the city brought with it on the one hand a fresh danger for the ruins； on the other a respect for them； as forming one of Rome's claims to distinction。 Pius II was wholly possessed by antiquarian enthusiasm； and if he speaks little of the antiquities of Rome； he closely studied those of all other parts of Italy； and was the first to know and describe accurately the remains which abounded in the districts for miles around the capital。 It is true that； both as priest and cosmographer； he was interested alike in classical and Christian monuments and in the marvels of nature。 Or was he doing violence to himself when he wrote that Nola was more highly honoured by the memory of St。 Paulinus than by all its classical reminiscences and by the heroic struggle of Marcellus？ Not； indeed； that his faith in relics was assumed； but his mind was evidently rather disposed to an inquiring interest in nature and antiquity； to a zeal for monumental works； to a keen and delicate observation of human life。 In the last years of his Papacy； afflicted with the gout and yet in the most cheerful mood； he was borne in his litter over hill and dale to Tusculum； Alba； Tibur； Ostia； Falerii； and Otriculum； and whatever he saw he noted down。 He followed the Roman roads and aqueducts； and tried to fix the boundaries of the old tribes which had dwelt round the city。 On an excursion to Tivoli with the great Federigo of Urbino the time was happily spent in talk on the military system of the ancients； and particularly on the Trojan war。 Even on his journey to the Congress of Mantua （1459） he searched； though unsuccessfully； for the labyrinth of Clusium mentioned by Pliny； and visited the so…called villa of Virgil on the Mincio。 That such a Pope should demand a classical Latin style from his abbreviators； is no more than might be expected。 It was he who； in the war with Naples； granted an amnesty to the men of Arpinum； as countrymen of Cicero and Marius； after whom many of them were named。 It was to him alone； as both judge and patron； that Blondus could dedicate his 'Roma Triumphans；' the first great attempt at a complete exposition of Roman antiquity。
Nor was the enthusiasm for the classical past of Italy confined at this period to the capital。 Boccaccio had already called the vast ruins of Baia 'old walls； yet new for modern spirits'； and since his time they were held to be the most interesting sight near Naples。 Collections of antiquities of all sorts now became common。 Ciriaco of Ancona （d。 1457） travelled not only through Italy； but through other countries of the old Orbis terrarum； and brought back countless inscriptions and sketches。 When asked why he took all this trouble； he replied； 'To wake the dead。' The histories of the various cities of Italy had from the earliest times laid claim to some true or imagined connection with Rome； had alleged some settlement or colonization which started from the capital； and the obliging manufacturers of pedigrees seem constantly to have derived various families from the oldest and most famous blood of Rome。 So highly was the distinction valued； that men clung to it even in the light of the dawning criticism of the fifteenth century。 When Pius II was at Viterbo he said frankly to the Roman deputies who begged him to return； 'Rome is as much my home as Siena； for my House； the Piccolomini； came in early times from the capital to Siena； as is proved by the constant use of the names 'neas and Sylvius in my family。' He would probably have had no objection to be held a descendant of the Julii。 Paul II； a Barbo of Venice； found his vanity flattered by deducing his House； notwithstanding an adverse pedigree； according to which it came from Germany； from the Roman Ahenobarbus； who had led a colony to Parma； and whose successors had been driven by party conflicts to migrate to Venice。 That the Massimi claimed descent from Q。 Fabius Maximus； and the Cornaro from the Cornelii； cannot surprise us。 On the other hand； it is a strikingly exceptional fact for the sixteenth century that the novelist Bandello tried to connect his blood with a noble family of Ostrogoths。
To return to Rome。 The inhabitants； 'who then called themselves Romans；' accepted greedily the homage which was offered them by the rest of Italy。 Under Paul II； Sixtus IV and Alexander VI； magnificent processions formed part of the Carnival； representing the scene most attractive to the imagination of the time… …the triumph of the Roman Imperator。 The sentiment of the people expressed itself naturally in this shape and others like it。 In this mood of public feeling； a report arose on April 18； 1485； that the corpse of a young Roman lady of the classical periodwonderfully beautiful and in perfect preservation had been discovered。 Some Lombard masons digging out an ancient tomb on an estate of the convent of Santa Maria Nuova； on the Appian Way； beyond the tomb of Caecilia Metella； were said to have found a marble sarcophagus with the inscription： 'Julia； daughter of Claudius。' On this basis the following story was built。 The Lombards disappeared with the jewels and treasure which were found with the corpse in the sarcophagus。 The body had been coated with an antiseptic essence； and was as fresh and flexible as that of a girl of fifteen the hour after death。 It was said that she still kept the colors of life； with eyes and mouth half open。 She was taken to the palace of the 'Conservatori' on the Capitol； and then a pilgrimage to see her began。 Among the crowd were many who came to paint her； 'for she was more beautiful than can be said or written； and； were it said or written； it