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e at the Rialto； that they might have a sacred； inviolable asylum amid the devastations of the barbarians。 Later writers attributed to the founders the presentiment of the future greatness of the city； M。 Antonio Sabellico； t who has celebrated the event in the dignified flow of his hexameters； makes the priest who completes the act of consecration cry to heaven； 'When we hereafter attempt great things； S grant us prosperity！ Now we kneel before a poor altar； but if ＇ our vows are not made in vain； a hundred temples； O God； of 6 gold a nd marble shall arise to Thee。' The island city at the end ＇' of the fifteenth century was the jewel…casket of the world。 It ； is so described by the same Sabellico； with its ancient cupolas； ＇ its leaning towers； its inlaid marble facades； its compressed k splendor； where the richest decoration did not hinder the y practical employment of every corner of space。 He takes us to the crowded Piazza before San Giacometto at the Rialto； where the business of the world is transacted； not amid shouting and confusion； but with the subdued bum of many voices； where in the porticoes round the square and in those of the adjoining streets sit hundreds of money changers and goldsmiths； with endless rows of shops and warehouses above their heads。 He describes the great Fondaco of the Germans beyond the bridge； where their goods and their dwellings lay； and before which their ships are drawn up side by side in the canal； higher up is a whole fleet laden with wine and oil； and parallel with i t； on the shore swarming with porters； are the vaults of the merchants； then from the Rialto to the square of St。 Mark come the inns and the perfumers' cabinets。 So he conducts the reader from one quarter of the city to another till he comes at last to the two hospitals； which were among those institutions of public utility nowhere so numerous as at Venice。 Care for the people； in peace as well as in war； was characteristic of this government； and its attention to the wounded； even to those of the enemy； excited the admiration of other States。
Public institutions of every kind found in Venice their pattern； the pensioning of retired servants was carried out systematically； and included a provision for widows and orphans。 Wealth； political security； and acquaintance with other countries； had matured the understanding of such questions。 These slender fair… haired men； with quiet cautious steps and deliberate speech； differed but slightly in costume and bearing from one another； ornaments； especially pearls； were reserved for the women and girls。 At that time the general prosperity； notwithstanding the losses sustained from the Turks； was still dazzling； the stores of energy which the city possessed； and the prejudice in its favour diffused throughout Europe； enabled it at a much later time to survive the heavy blows inflicted upon it by the discovery of the sea route to the Indies； by the fall of the Mamelukes in Egypt； and by the war of the League of Cambrai。
Sabellico； born in the neighbourhood of Tivoli； and accustomed to the frank loquacity of the scholars of his day； remarks elsewhere with some astonishment； that the young nobles who came of a morning to hear his lectures could not be prevailed upon to enter into political discussions： 'When I ask them what people think； say； and expect about this or that movement in Italy； they all answer with one voice that they know nothing about the matter。' Still； in spite of the strict imposition of the State； much was to be learned from the more corrupt members of the aristocracy by those who were willing to pay enough for it。 In the last quarter of the fifteenth century there were traitors among the highest officials； the popes； the Italian princes； and even the second…rate Condottieri in the service of the government had informers in their pay； sometimes with regular salaries； things went so far that the Council of Ten found it prudent to conceal important political news from the Council of the Pregadi； and it was even supposed that Lodovico il Moro had control of a definite number of votes among the latter。 Whether the hanging of single offenders and the high rewards such as a life…pension of sixty ducats paid to those who informed against them were of much avail； it is hard to decide； one of the chief causes of this evil； the poverty of many of the nobility； could not be removed in a day。 In the year 1492 a proposal was urged by two of that order； that the State should spend 70；000 ducats for the relief of those poorer nobles who held no public office； the matter was near coming before the Great Council； in which it might have had a majority； when the Council of Ten interfered in time and banished the two proposers for life to Nicosia in Cyprus。 About this time a Soranzo was hanged； though not in Venice itself； for sacrilege； and a Contarini put in chains for burglary； another of the same family came in 1499 before the Signory； and complained that for many years he had been without an office； that he had only sixteen ducats a year and nine children； that his debts amounted to sixty ducats； that he knew no trade and had lately been turned into the streets。 We can understand why some of the wealthier nobles built houses； sometimes whole rows of them； to provide free lodging for their needy comrades。 Such works figure in wills among deeds of charity。
But if the enemies of Venice ever founded serious hopes upon abuses of this kind； they were greatly in error。 It might be thought that the commercial activity of the city； which put within reach of the humblest a rich reward for their labor； and the colonies on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean would have diverted from political affairs the dangerous elements of society。 But had not the political history of Genoa； notwithstanding similar advantages； been of the stormiest？ The cause of the stability of Venice lies rather in a combination of circumstances which were found in union nowhere else。 Unassailable from its position； it had been able from the beginning to treat of foreign affairs with the fullest and calmest reflection； and ignore nearly altogether the parties which divided the rest of Italy； to escape the entanglement of permanent alliances； and to set the highest price on those which it thought fit to make。 The keynote of the Venetian character was； consequently； a spirit of proud and contemptuous isolation； which； joined to the hatred felt for the city by the other States of Italy； gave rise to a strong sense of solidarity within The inhabitants meanwhile were united by the most powerful ties of interest in dealing both with the colonies and with the possessions on the mainland； forcing the population of the latter； that is； of all the towns up to Bergamo； to buy and sell in Venice alone。 A power which rested on means so artificial could only be maintained by internal harmony and unity； and this conviction was so widely diffused among the citizens that conspirators found few elements to work upon。 And the discontented； if there were such； were held so far apart by the division between the noble and the burghe