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e astrologers to the same stake at which he afterwards himself died。
How mighty must have been the soul which dwelt side by side with this narrow intellect！ And what a flame must have glowed within him before he could constrain the Florentines； possessed as they were by the passion for knowledge and culture； to surrender themselves to a man who could thus reason！
How much of their heart and their worldliness they were ready to sacrifice for his sake is shown by those famous bonfires by the side of which all the 'talami' of Bernardino da Siena and others were certainly of small account。
All this could not； however； be effected without the agency of a tyrannical police。 He did not shrink from the most vexatious interferences with the much…prized freedom of Italian private life； using the espionage of servants on their masters as a means of carrying out his moral reforms。 That transformation of public and private life which the Iron Calvin was but just able to effect at Geneva with the aid of a permanent state of siege necessarily proved impossible at Florence； and the attempt only served to drive the enemies of Savonarola into a more implacable hostility。 Among his most unpopular measures may be mentioned those organized parties of boys； who forced their way into the houses and laid violent hands on any objects which seemed suitable for the bonfire。 As it happened that they were sometimes sent away with a beating； they were afterwards attended； in order to keep up the figment of a pious 'rising generation；' by a bodyguard of grown…up persons。
On the last day of the Carnival in the year 1497； and on the same day the year after； the great 'Auto da Fe' took place on the Piazza della Signoria。 In the center of it rose a high pyramid of several tiers； like the 'rogus' on which the Roman Emperors were commonly burned。 On the lowest tier were arranged false beards； masks； and carnival disguises； above came volumes of the Latin and Italian poets； among others Boccaccio； the 'Morgante' of Pulci； and Petrarch； partly in the form of valuable printed parchments and illuminated manuscripts； then women's ornaments and toilet articles； scents； mirrors； veils and false hair； higher up； lutes； harps； chessboards； playing…cards； and finally； on the two uppermost tiers； paintings only； especially of female beauties； partly fancy pictures； bearing the classical names of Lucretia； Cleopatra； or Faustina； partly portraits of the beautiful Bencina； Lena Morella； Bina and Maria de' Lenzi。 On the first occasion a Venetian merchant who happened to be present offered the Signoria 22；000 gold florins for the objects on the pyramid； but the only answer he received was that his portrait； too； was painted； and burned along with the rest。 When the pile was lighted； the Signoria appeared on the balcony； and the air echoed with song； the sound of trumpets； and the pealing of bells。 The people then adjourned to the Piazza di San Marco； where they danced round in three concentric circles。 The innermost was composed of monks of the monastery； alternating with boys； dressed as angels； then came young laymen and ecclesiastics； and on the outside； old men； citizens； and priests； the latter crowned with wreaths of olive。
All the ridicule of his victorious enemies； who in truth bad no lack of justification or of talent for ridicule； was unable to discredit the memory of Savonarola。 The more tragic the fortunes of Italy became； the brighter grew the halo which in the recollection of the survivors surrounded the figure of the great monk and prophet。 Though his predictions may not have been confirmed in detail； the great and general calamity which he foretold was fulfilled with appalling truth。
Great； however； as the influence of all these preachers may have been； and brilliantly as Savonarola justified the claim of the monks to this office； nevertheless the order as a while could not escape the contempt and condemnation of the people。 Italy^ showed that she could give her enthusiasm only to individuals。
Strength of the Old Faith
If； apart from all that concerns the priests and the monks； we attempt to measure the strength of the old faith； it will be found great or small according to the light in which it is considered。 We have spoken already of the need felt for the Sacraments as something indispensable。 Let us now glance for a moment at the position of faith and worship in daily life。 Both were determined partly by the habits of the people and partly by the policy and example of the rulers。
All that has to do with penitence and the attainment of salvation by means of good works was in much the one stage of development or corruption as in the North of Europe； both among the peasantry and among the poorer inhabitants of the cities。 The instructed classes were sometimes influenced by the same motives。 Those sides of popular Catholicism which had their origin in the old pagan ways of invoking； rewarding； and propitiating the gods have fixed themselves ineradicably in the consciousness of the people。 The eighth eclogue of Battista Mantovano； which has already been quoted elsewhere； contains the prayer of a peasant to the Madonna； in which she is called upon as the special patroness of all rustic and agricultural interests。 And what conceptions they were which the people formed of their protectress in heaven。 What was in the mind of the Florentine woman who gave 'ex voto' a keg of wax to the Annunziata； because her lover； a monk； had gradually emptied a barrel of wine without her absent husband finding it out。 Then； too； as still in our own days； different departments of human life were presided over by their respective patrons。
The attempt has often been made to explain a number of the commonest rites of the Catholic Church as remnants of pagan ceremonies； and no one doubts that many local and popular usages； which are associated with religious festivals； are forgotten fragments of the old pre… Christian faiths of Europe。 In Italy； on the contrary； we find instances in which the affiliation of the new faith to the old seems consciously recognized。 So； for example； the custom of setting out food for the dead four days before the feast of the Chair of St。 Peter； that is to say； on February 18； the date of the ancient Feralia。 Many other practices of this kind may then have prevailed and have since then been extirpated。 Perhaps the paradox is only apparent if we say that the popular faith in Italy had a solid foundation just in proportion as it was pagan。
The extent to which this form of belief prevailed in the upper classes can to a certain point be shown in detail。 It had； as we have said in speaking of the influence of the clergy； the power of custom and early impressions on its side。 The love for ecclesiastical pomp and display helped to confirm it； and now and then there came one of those epidemics of revivalism； which few even among the scoffers and the sceptics were able to withstand。
But in questions of this kind it is perilous to grasp too hastily at absolute results。 We might fancy； for example； that the feeling of educated men towards the r