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of convicts are found to be sovereign。 The three municipal
officers are seized in their turn under the eyes of their own
soldiers who remain motionless； and 〃with bayonets at their breasts
they sign； under constraint； the order to give up M。 Pascalis to
the people。〃 M。 de la Roquette is likewise surrendered。 〃The only
portion of the National Guard of Aix which was visible；〃 that is to
say； the Jacobin minority； form a circle around the gate of the
prison and organize themselves into a council of war。 And there
they stand； at once 〃accusers； witnesses； judges； and executioners。〃
A captain conducts the two victims to the public promenade where
they are hung。 Very soon after this old M。 de Guiramand； whom the
National Guard of his village have brought a prisoner to Aix； is
hung in the same manner。
There is no prosecution of the assassins。 The new tribunal；
frightened or forestalled； has for some time back ranged itself on
the popular side； its writs； consequently； are served on the
oppressed； against the members of the assaulted dub。 Writs of
arrest； summonses to attend court； searches； seizures of
correspondence； and other proceedings； rain down upon them。 Three
hundred witnesses are examined。 Some of the arrested officers are
〃loaded with chains and thrust into dungeons。〃 Henceforth the club
rules； and 〃makes everybody tremble。〃＇48＇ 〃From the 23rd to the
27th of December； more than ten thousand passports are delivered at
Aix。〃 〃If the emigrations continue；〃 write the commissioners； 〃there
will be no one left at Aix but workmen without work and with no
resources。 Whole streets are uninhabited。 。 。 。 。 As long as
such crimes can be permitted with impunity fear will drive out of
this town every one who has the means of living elsewhere。〃 … ？Many
come back after the arrival of the commissioners； hoping to obtain
justice and security through them。 But； 〃if a prosecution is not
ordered； we shall scarcely have departed from Aix when three or four
hundred families will abandon it。 。 。 。 And what man in his
senses would dare guarantee that each village will not soon have
some one hung in it？ 。 。 。 Country valets arrest their masters。
。 。 。 The expectation of impunity leads the inhabitants of
villages to commit all sorts of depredations in the forests； which
is very harmful in a region where woods are very scarce。 They set
up the most absurd and most unjust pretensions against rich
proprietors； and the fatal rope is ever the interpreter and the
signal of their will。〃 There is no refuge against these outrages。
〃The department； the districts； the municipalities； administer only
in conformity with the multiplied petitions of the club。〃 In the
sight of all； and on one solemn day； a crushing defeat has
demonstrated the weakness of the government officials； and； bowed
beneath the yoke of their new masters； they preserve their legal
authority only on the condition that it remains at the service of
the victorious party。
_____________________________________________________________________
Notes：
＇1＇ Festivals approving the federation of all the National Guards in
France。 （SR。）
＇2＇ See the address of the commune of Paris； June 5； 1790。 〃Let the
most touching of all utterances be heard on this day （the
anniversary of the taking of the Bastille）； Frenchmen； we are
brothers！ Yes； brothers； freemen and with a country！〃 Roux et
Buchez； VI。 275。
＇3＇ Buchez and Roux； IV。 3； 309； V。 123； VI。 274； 399。 …
Duvergier； Collection of Laws and Decrees。 Decree of June 8 and 9；
1790。
＇4＇ For one who； like myself； has lived for years among the Moslems；
the 5 daily ritual prayers all performed while turned towards Mecca；
this description of the French taking of the oath； has something
familiar in it。 （SR。）
＇5＇ Michelet； 〃Histoire de la Révolution Fran？aise；〃 II； 470； 474。
＇6＇ De Ferrières； II。 91。 … Albert Babeau； I。 340。 （Letter
addressed to the Chevalier de Poterat； July 18； 1790。） … De
Dampmartin； 〃Evénements qui se sont passés sous mes yeux；〃etc。； 155。
＇7＇ One may imagine the impression Taine's description made upon the
thousands of political science students and others in the years
after this book was printed and widely sold all over Europe。 （SR。）
＇8＇ Sauzay； I。 202。
＇9＇ Albert Babeau； ib。 I； 339 … De Ferrières； II； 92。
＇10＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 H。 1453； Correspondence of M。 de
Bercheney； May 23； 1790。
＇11＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 ibid； May 13； 1790。 〃M。 de la
Rifaudière was dragged from his carriage and brought to the guard…
house； which was immediately filled with people； shouting； 'To the
lamp post； the aristocrat！' … The fact is this： after his having
repeatedly shouted Vive le Roi et la Nation！ They wanted him to
shout Vive la Nation！ alone； upon which he gave Vive la Nation tant
qu'elle pourra。〃 … At Blois； on the day of the Federation； a mob
promenades the streets with a wooden head covered with a wig； and a
placard stating that the aristocrats must be decapitated。
＇12＇ Might Freud （ 1856… 1939） have been inspired； directly or
indirectly； by Taine's observation？ 'La Révolution' vol。 I； was
published in 1877 when Freud was 21 years old！！ （SR。）
＇13＇ Mercure de France； the articles by Mallet du Pan （June 18th and
August 16； 1791； April 14； 1792）。
＇14＇ Moniteur； IV。 560。 （sitting of June 5； 1790） report of M。
Freteau。 〃These facts are attested by fifty witnesses。〃 … Cf。
The number of April 19； 1791。
＇15＇ Solon was a famous legislator who reformed Athens some 2500
years ago。 （SR。）
＇16＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 KK； 1105； Correspondence of M。 de
Thiard； military commandant in Brittany （September； 1789）； 〃There
are in every petty village three conflicting powers； the présidial；
the bourgeois militia； and the permanent committee。 Each is anxious
to outrank the other； and； on this occasion； a scene happened to
come under my eyes at Landivisiau which might have had a bloody
termination； but which turned out to be simply ridiculous。 A lively
dispute arose between three speakers to determine which should make
the first address。 They appealed to me to decide。 Not to offend
either of the parties； I decided that all three should speak at the
same time； which decision was immediately carried out。
＇17＇ Decree of August 10…14； 1789。
＇18＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 KK； 1105。 Correspondence of M。 de
Thiard； September 21； 1789。 〃The troops now obey the municipalities
only。〃 Also July 30th； August 11； 1790。
＇19＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 KK； 1105。 Correspondence of 31。 M。 de
Thiard； September 11 and 25； November 20； December 25 and 30； 1789。
＇20＇ Buchez and Roux； V。304 （April； 1790）。 … 〃Archives Nationales；〃
Papers of the committee of Investigation； DXXIX。 I （note of M。
Latour…du…Pin； October 28； 1789） … ？ Buchez and Roux； IV。 3
（December 1； 1789）； IV。 390 （February； 1790）； VI