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spite of their patriotism； to withdraw and abandon their important
mission； that the electoral assemblies would then be deserted； or
would be composed of those whose resources permitted them to make
this sacrifice。〃
＇31＇ Sauzay； I。 147； 192。
＇32＇ For the detail of these figures； see vol。 II。 Book IV。
＇33＇ De Ferrières； I。 367。 Cf。 The various laws above mentioned。
＇34＇ Constant； 〃Histoire d'un Club Jacobin en Province〃
（Fontainebleau） p。15。 （Procés…verbaux of the founding of the clubs
of Moret； Thomery； Nemours； and Montereau。）
＇35＇ Later to change and become socialist and communist parties
everywhere。 （SR。）
＇36＇ Cf。 The Declaration of Independence； July 4； 1776 （except the
first phrase； which is a catchword thrown out for the European
philosophers）。 … Jefferson proposed a Declaration of Rights for the
Constitution of March 4； 1789； but it was refused。 They were
content to add to it the eleven amendments which set forth the
fundamental rights of the citizen。
＇37＇ Article I。 〃Men are born and remain free and equal in rights
common to all。 Social distinctions are founded solely on public
utility。〃
The first phrase condemns the hereditary royalty which is
sanctioned by the Constitution。 The second phrase can be used to
legitimate hereditary monarchy and an aristocracy。 … Articles 10 and
11 bear upon the manifestations of religious convictions and on
freedom of speech and of the press。 By virtue of these two articles
worship； speech； and the press may be made subject to the most
repressive restrictions； etc。
＇38＇ The International Bill of Human Rights of 1948 is quite
different from the one approved in 1789。 In 1948 there is no more
any mention of any 〃right to resistance to oppression〃； there is a
softening of the position on the right of property and new rights；
to free education； to a country； to rest and leisure； to a high
standard of health and to an adequate standard of living have been
introduced。 （SR。）
＇39＇ Stalin and his successors organized such a system of 〃clubs〃
world…wide which even today remain active as 〃protectors〃 of the
environment； refugees； prisoners； animals and the environment。
（SR。）
＇40＇ Buchez and Roux ； XI。 237。 （Speech by Malouet in relation to
the revision； August 5； 1791。） 〃You constantly tempt the people with
sovereignty without giving them the immediate use of it。〃
＇41＇ Decrees of September 25 … October 6； 1791； September 28 …
October 6； 1791。
＇42＇ Impartial contemporaries； those well qualified to judge； agree
as to the absurdity of the Constitution。
〃The Constitution was a veritable monster。 There was too much of
monarchy in it for a republic； and too much of a republic for a
monarchy。 The King was a side…dish； un hors d'？uvre； everywhere
present in appearance but without any actual power。〃 （Dumont； 339。）
〃It is a general and almost universal conviction that this
Constitution is inexecutable。 The makers of it to a man condemn it。
（G。 Morris； September 30； 1791。）
〃Every day proves more clearly that their new Constitution is good
for nothing。〃 （ibid。 ； December 27； 1791。）
Cf。 The sensible and prophetic speech made by Malouet （August 5；
1791； Buchez and Roux； XI。 237）。
＇43＇ Taine's vivid description is likely to have encouraged any
radical revolutionary having the luck to read his explicit
description of how to proceed with the destruction of a na？ve
corrupt capitalist； bourgeois society。 （SR。）
BOOK THIRD。 THE APPLICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION。＇1＇
CHAPTER I。
I。 The Federations。 … Popular application of philosophic theory。 …
Idyllic celebration of the Contrat…Social。 … The two strata of the
human mind。 … Permanent disorder。
If there ever was an Utopia which seemed capable of realization； or；
what is still more to the purpose； was really applied； converted
into a fact； fully established； it is that of Rousseau； in 1789 and
during the three following years。 For； not only are his principles
embodied in the laws； and the Constitution throughout animated with
his spirit； but it seems as if the nation looked upon his
ideological gambols； his abstract fiction； as serious。 This fiction
it carried out in every particular。 A social contract； at one
spontaneous and practical； an immense gathering of men associating
together freely for the first time for the recognition of their
respective rights； forming a specific compact； and binding
themselves by a solemn oath： such is the social recipe prescribed by
the philosophers； and which is carried out to the letter。 Moreover；
as this recipe is esteemed infallible； the imagination is worked
upon and the sensibilities of the day are brought into play。 It is
admitted that men； on again becoming equals； have again become
brothers。＇2＇ A sudden and amazing harmony of all volitions and all
intelligences will restore the golden age on earth。 It is proper；
accordingly； to regard the social contract as a festival； an
affecting； sublime idyll； in which； from one end of France to the
other； all； hand in hand； should assemble and swear to the new
compact； with song； with dance； with tears of joy； with shouts of
gladness； the worthy beginning of public felicity。 With unanimous
assent； indeed； the idyll is performed as if according to a written
program。
On the 29th of November； 1789； at Etoile； near Valence； the
federations began。＇3＇ Twelve thousand National Guards； from the two
banks of the Rh？ne； promise 〃to remain for ever united； to insure
the circulation of grain； and to maintain the laws passed by the
National Assembly。〃 On the 13th of December； at Montélimart； six
thousand men； the representatives of 27 000 other men； take a
similar oath and confederate themselves with the foregoing。 … Upon
this the excitement spreads from month to month and from province to
province。 Fourteen towns of the bailiwicks of Franche…Comté form a
patriotic league。 At Pontivy； Brittany enters into federal
relations with Anjou。 One thousand National Guards of Vivarais and
Languedoc send their delegates to Voute。 48 000 in the Vosges send
their deputies to Epinal。 During February； March； April； and May；
1790； in Alsace； Champagne； Dauphiny； Orléanais； Touraine； Lyonnais；
and Provence； there is the same spectacle。 At Draguignan eight
thousand National Guards take the oath in the presence of 20 000
spectators。 At Lyons 50 000 men； delegates of more than 500 000
others take the civic oath。 … But local unions are not sufficient to
complete the organization of France ； a general union of all
Frenchmen must take place。 Many of the various National Guards have
already written to Paris for the purpose of affiliating themselves
with the National Guard there； and； one the 5th of June； the
Parisian municipal body having proposed it； the Assembly decrees the
universal federation。 It is to take place on the 14th of July；
ever