the maintenance of free trade-第7章

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　noted；　which　hath　made　every　thing　dearer　according　to　the　increase　of　money；　which　like　unto　an　Ocean；　dividing　the　Course　into　several　branches　in　divers　Countries；　hath　caused　a　great　alteration。　But　England　doth　not　participate　by　the　Course　of　Traffique　a　proportionable　Competent　share　of　the　said　aboundance　of　moneys；　as　other　nations　doe：　albeit　not　many　yeares　since；　we　had　more　moneys　then　in　times　past；　before　the　saide　discovery　of　the　West　Indies：　But　we　must　now　measure　things　according　to　the　said　abundance；　which　is　much　diminished　by　the　continuall　exportation　of　moneys　for　the　East　Indies　from　all　places　of　Traffique。　　　　　　The　fifth　Cause　of　the　Want　of　Money　in　England；　hee　saith；　are　the　Warres　of　Christendome；　causing　exportation　of　moneys；　and　the　Pirates　hindering　importation　of　money。　The　latter　is　meerely　a　Prevention　or　Robbing　of　our　moneys；　which　are　supposed；　might　be　brought　in。　But　if　Pirates　did　not　take　some　of　our　moneys；　it　followeth　not；　that　the　same　should　come　unto　us　in　specie。　For　experience；　by　the　example　of　the　Spanish　Merchants；　diverting　the　Realls　of　8　from　us　（for　Gaine　to　be　made　in　forraine　parts：）　prooveth　unto　us　the　contrary。　Gayne　beeing　alwaies　the　Scope　of　Merchants：　and　to　proove　that　this　Gayne；　is　made　Really　onely　by　the　abuse　of　exchange　（which　otherwise　would　be　but　Imaginary）；　wee　have　already　declared。　　　　　　Now　touching　the　exportation　of　monyes　by　the　wares　of　Christians；　where　he　declareth　an　urgent　instance：　That　the　Riecks　Doller；　is　raised　（two　markes　Lubish　making　the　said　Doller：）　to　twenty　markes　Lubish　in　many　places　of　Germany；　whereby　abundance　of　money　is　drawen　unto　the　Mintes　of　those　Countries；　from　all　the　Mines　and　Parts　of　Christendome：　herein　he　is　much　mistaken；　for　when　moneys　are　inhaunced；　they　never　are　carried　to　the　Mintes　for　to　be　converted　into　other　Coyne。　But　they　remaine　currant；　betweene　man　and　man；　running　like　a　Poste…horse；　every　man　fearing　to　receive　a　losse　by　the　fal。　Neither　maketh　this　any　rule　for　merchants　in　places　of　Trade；　otherwise　then　that　they　may　take　knowledge　of　the　publike　valuation　thereof；　to　sell　their　Commodities　accordingly；　by　rating　the　price　of　exchange；　upon　their　former　observation；　which　being　neglected　or　done　in　part；　causeth　the　undervaluation　of　our　monyes　in　exchange。　And　this　is　the　immediate　Cause　by　him　first　alleaged　and　treated　of；　wherein　the　Commodities　are　no　more　Active；　then　Tenderdon　Steeple　in　Kent；　was　the　Cause　of　the　decay　of　Dover　haven。　　　　　　To　make　this　to　appeare；　let　us　note；　that　this　Rieckx　Doller　being　the　maine　and　most　usuall　Coyne　in　Germany；　Eastland；　the　United　and　Reconciled　Countries　under　both　Governments；　and　many　other　places；　was　valued　at　2　marks　Lubish；　every　marke　being　16　shillings　Lubish；　or　16　Stivers；　for　the　yeare　1575；　the　saide　Doller　was　still　coyned　in　the　Empire　for　32　Stivers。　And　was　so　currant　by　Valuation　in　the　Low　Countries；　wherby　the　said　shilling　Lubish　and　the　Stiver　Flemish　were　al　one；　but　the　wars　in　the　Low　Countries　hath　bin　the　cause　of　the　inhauncing　of　this　Doller；　which　was　brought　to　35　Stivers；　and　the　yeare　1586；　to　45　Stivers　by　intermissive　Times　and　Valuations　howbeit　at　Stoade；　Hamborough　and　other　places　in　Germany；　the　said　Doller　did　remaine　still　at　32　Stivers　or　two　markes。　And　as　the　said　Doller　did　inhaunce　in　price：　so　did　they　coyne　new　Stivers　accordingly；　sometimes　lighter　in　weight；　and　at　other　times　imbased　by　Allay　or　Copper。　And　yet　in　accompt；　the　Stiver　did　and　doth　remaine　the　ground　of　all　their　monyes。　But　the　said　Doller　holdeth　his　Standard　agreeable　to　the　first　Doller；　which　is　called　the　Burgundian　Doller　with　the　crosse　of　Saint　Andrew　coyned　in　the　yeare　1575　which　is　in　fineness　tenne　ounces；　and　twelve　penny　weight　of　fine　silver；　and　four　and　one　halfe　of　these　Dollers；　were　there　made　equivalent　to　our　20　shillings　Starlin；　as　a　Publicke　measure　in　exchange　betweene　us；　and　the　Low　Countries；　Germany　and　other　places　where　this　Doller　was　currant；　which　made　the　Par　or　price　of　exchange　to　be　24　of　their　shillings；　for　20　shillings　of　ours；　according　to　which　computation；　exchanges　were　made；　alwaies　above　that　price；　both　here　and　beyond　the　seas；　and　the　Stiver　of　the　Lowe　Countries　was　not　in　value　answerable　thereunto；　for　bieng　but　two　ounces　17　pence　with　fine；　their　32　Stivers　for　the　said　Doller；　（which　is　foure　pieces　and　one　halfe　144　Stivers：）　did　not　containe　so　much　fine　silver　in　them；　as　the　said　Doller　proportionably。　But　there　wanted　above　3　shillings　Flemish　in　the　pound　of　20　shillings　Starlin。　　　　　　Those　Dollers　have　since　beene　imitated　and　made　by　the　States　of　the　united　Low　Provinces　in　their　severall　Mintes；　as　also　by　the　Archduke　Albertus　in　the　reconciled　Provinces。　And　the　price　of　them　at　Hamborough；　Stoade；　and　other　places　was　inhaunced　but　one　Stiver；　that　is　to　say；　at　thirty　three　Stivers；　where　the　said　Dollers；　went　in　the　Low　Countries　by　valuation　for　45　Stivers　in　the　yeare；　1586；　at　which　time　the　Par　of　exchange　was　found　to　bee　twenty　foure　shillings　nine　pence　for　those　parts；　and　for　the　Low　Countries　at　thirty　three　shillings　4　pence；　which　was　so　agreed　upon　to　our　disadvantage；　for　according　to　the　saide　4　1/2　Dollers；　at　forty　five　Stivers；　it　maketh　thirty　three　shillings　nine　pence；　but　our　twenty　shillings　valued　at　tenne　Stivers　for　the　shilling；　was　the　cause　that　it　was　put　to　thirty　three　shillings　four　pence。　My　selfe　being　there；　a　Commissioner　appointed　by　the　Councell　Table；　with　Sir　Richard　Martin　Knight；　and　Monsieur　Ortell；　Monsieur　Coase；　and　Monsieur　Valcke；　Commissioners　for　the　States　of　the　united　Provinces。　　　　　　This　Doller　is　since　that　time　inhaunced　to　fifty　two　Stivers　in　the　Lowe　Provinces；　which　maketh　the　price　of　exchange　above　thirty　eight　shillings；　or　rather　thirty　nine　shillings：　and　shall　we　suffer　this；　and　not　alter　our　price　of　exchange　accordingly；　but　be　contented　to　take　thirty　foure　shillings　or　thirty　five　shillings；　and　after　that　rate　undersell　all　the　Commoditis　of　the　kingdome；　and　suffer　also；　（because　of　this　gaine）　our　monyes　to　be　exported；　the　Realls　of　8　to　bee　debarred　from　us　to　bee　brought　in　and　carried　to　other　Countries；　for　bringing　a　losse　to　the　importer；　which　by　inhauncing　of　the　price　of　our　exchange　（and　not　by　inhauncing　of　our　monyes：）　can　bee　easily　prevented？　as　heereafter　shall　be　declared。　　　　　　This　Doller　is　likewise　since　that　time；　more　inhaunced　in　Germany　from　time　to　time；　and　leaving　the　excessive　alteration　in　Remote　places；　let　us　note　the　Valuation　of　Hamborough；　where　it　hath　beene　at　fifty　foure　Stiners　the　Doller；　which　maketh　the　exchange　above　forty　shillings　of　their　money　for　our　twenty　shillings。　And　although　we　have　raised　the　price　of　exchange　from　twenty　foure　shillings　nine　to　thirty　five　shillings　or　thereabouts：　shall　we　rest　here　and　go　no　further？　have　we　reason　to　doe　it　in　part；　and　not　in　the　whole；　according　to　justice；　equality；　and　true　Policy。　And　shall　we　bee　like　a　man；　that　by　halting　in　jest；　became　lame　in　earnest？　I　say　againe；　Absit　ignorantia。　Thus　much　Obiter。

Chapter　II。

The　Causes　of　the　Decay　of　Trade　in　the　Merchandize　of　Engl