the maintenance of free trade-第2章

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lme；　and　therefore　called　Publica　Mensura：　even　so　is　exchange　of　monyes　by　Bills；　The　Publike　Measure　between　us　and　forraine　countries；　according　to　which；　all　commodities　are　bought　and　sold　in　the　course　of　Traffique；　for　this　exchange　is　grounded　upon　the　weight；　fineness　and　valuation　of　the　money　of　each　countrey：　albeit　the　price　thereof　in　exchange　doth　rise　and　fall　according　to　scarcity　and　plenty　of　money；　and　the　few　or　many　deliverers　and　takers　thereof。　　　　　　These　three　essential　parts　of　Traffique　are　to　bee　considered　joyntly　and　divided　for　the　good　of　Commonweales　in　the　benefite　to　be　procured　for　the　generall　welfare；　or　for　the　particular　profit　of　some　few　persons；　for　albeit　that　the　generall　is　composed　of　the　particular：　yet　it　may　fall　out；　that　the　general　shall　receive　an　intollerable　prejudice　and　losse；　by　the　particular　and　private　benefite　of　some：　These　（in　this　respect）　are　not　to　be　regarded；　especially　if　they　may　make　the　like　benefite　（in　some　measure）　without　hurt　or　detriment　to　the　generall。　　　　　　Some　Merchants　doe　deale　all　for　Commodities；　others　for　Monyes；　and　other　some　altogether　for　Exchanges　or　all　three；　or　that　which　yeeldeth　them　most　gaine：　and　commonly　without　consideration　had　of　the　good　of　the　Commonwealth；　which　is　the　cause　that　Princes　and　Governours　are　to　fit　at　the　stern　of　the　course　of　Trade　and　Commerce。　　　　　　For　to　speake　ingeniously；　Merchants　cannot　enter　into　consideration　of　the　quantity　of　forraine　commodities　imported　at　deare　rates；　and　the　home　commodities　exported　at　lesser　rates　Respecitively　in　former　time；　by　the　disproportion　whereof　commeth　an　evident　overballancing　of　commodities。　Merchants　doe　not　regard；　whether　the　monyes　of　a　Kingdome　are　undervalued　in　forraine　parts；　whereby　our　monyes　are　exported；　when　the　exchange　doth　not　answer　the　true　value　by　Billes；　and　the　monyes　of　other　countryes　cannot　bee　imported；　but　with　an　exceeding　losse；　which　every　man　shunneth。　True　it　is；　that　they　observe　within　the　Realme　to　keepe　the　price　of　money　at　a　Stand；　according　to　the　Kings　valuation：　but　in　forraine　parts；　they　runne　with　the　streame；　headlong　downe　with　other　nations；　without　consideration　of　their　owne　hinderance。　Merchants　doe　not　know　the　weight　and　finenesse　of　monyes　of　each　Countrey；　and　the　proportions　observed　betweene　Gold　and　Silver；　nor　the　difference　of　severall　Standards　of　coyne；　a　matter　so　necessary　for　them　to　know；　to　make　thereby　profitable　returnes　of　the　provenue　of　our　home　commodities；　either　in　Money；　Bullion　or　Wares。　Finally　Merchants　（seeking　their　Privatum　Commodum）　take　notice　onely　of　what　is　prohibited　and　commanded；　whereas　it　may　fall　out　also；　that　to　require　their　opinion　for　the　reformation　of　some　abuses：　they　may　bee　thought　many　times　as　unfit；　as　to　call　the　Vintner　to　the　consultation　of　lawes　to　bee　made　against　drunkards。　　　　　　Kings　and　Princes　therefore；　which　are　the　fathers　of　the　great　families　of　Commonweales　are　to　be　carefull　for　the　generall　good　so　that　the　expences　doe　not　exceede　or　surmount　the　incombes　and　revenues　thereof；　according　to　the　saying　of　Marcus　Cato；　Oportet　Patrem；　familias；　vendacem　esse；　non　emacem；　Hee　must　bee　a　Seller；　and　not　a　Buyer。　　　　　　For　the　effecting　whereof；　there　is　a　serious　study　to　bee　had　in　the　true　understanding　of　the　Three　essential　Parts　of　Traffique；　whereof　the　course　of　exchange　（which　is　the　most　neglected）　will　be　found　to　bee　the　efficient　Cause；　which　with　us　is　Praedominant；　and　overruleth　the　course　of　Monys　and　Commodities；　as　shall　be　declared　in　this　discourse。　For　these　Three　parts　of　Traffique　concurre　joyntly　together　in　their　proper　function　and　nature；　by　an　orderly　carriage；　according　to　their　first　invention　and　institution。　　　　　　For　as　the　Elements　are　joyned　by　Symbolization；　the　Ayre　to　the　Fire　by　warmness；　the　Water　to　the　Ayre；　by　moisture；　the　Earth　to　the　Water；　by　coldness：　So　is　exchange　joyned　to　monyes；　and　monyes　to　commodities；　by　their　proper　qualities　and　effects。　And　ever　as　in　a　Clocke；　where　there　be　many　wheeles；　the　fist　wheel　being　stirred；　driveth　the　next；　and　that　the　third；　and　so　foorth；　till　the　last　that　moveth　the　instrument　that　strikes　the　clocke；　even　so　is　it　in　the　course　of　Traffique：　for　since　money　was　invented　and　became　the　first　wheele　which　stirreth　the　wheele　of　Commodities　and　inforceth　the　Action。　But　the　third　wheele　of　exchange　of　monyes　betweene　Countrey　and　countrey；　being　established　and　grounded　upon　monyes；　is　（in　effect）　like　to　the　instrument　that　striketh　the　Clocke；　being　therein　the　thing　Active；　and　Commodities　&　Monyes　are　become　things　Passive：　in　so　much　that　the　Sequele　thereof　may　be　compared　unto　Archers　shooting　at　the　Buttes；　directing　their　Arrowes　according　as　the　Blanke　doth　stand；　high　or　low；　for　so　do　Merchants　by　exchange　in　the　sale　of　commodities　and　negotiation　of　monyes；　without　which；　commodities　lie　dead　in　all　markettes。　Since　the　Ancient　Commutation　of　commodities　in　kind　did　cease；　and　the　body　of　Commodities　doth　not　worke　without　the　Spirit　which　is　exchange；　so　that　this　observation　being　neglected：　the　whole　instrument　of　Trade　must　needes　bee　out　of　order；　and　discompounded；　like　a　distemptered　Lock；　which　wil　neither　open　nor　shut。　　　　　　When　the　Art　of　navigation　and　shipping　had　continued　many　yeares；　and　marriners　did　imitate　each　others　obsrevation；　before　the　Science　of　the　Mathematics　was　invented：　It　hapned　that　two　great　Whales　with　a　great　volubility　swimming　in　furious　manner；　did　approach　an　English　ship　of　Traffique　which　was　bound　for　the　Coast　of　Barbary；　laden　with　disvers　good　Commodities　and　Staple　wares。　The　marriners　（as　the　manner　was：）　did　with　al　diligence　cast　overboard　divers　empty　barrels　for　the　whales　to　play　with　all；　and　to　keepe　them　from　the　ship。　The　whales　not　pleased　therewith；　and　a　suddaine　storm　arising；　did　endanger　their　ship；　which　made　them　unawares　to　cast　overboard　many　good　wares　and　rich　Commodities；　wherewith　one　of　the　whales　was　playing。　But　the　other　whale　more　fierce；　strook　the　Ship　many　times　with　his　Taile；　and　at　last　broake　the　Rudder　of　the　Ship；　whereby　they　were　much　hindered　in　their　Sailing；　and　all　the　shippes　of　their　fleete　tooke　the　Start　of　them　and　arrived　to　their　destined　ports；　the　rather　because　they　lost　also　their　sayling　Compasse　by　the　violence　of　the　saide　Stormy　wind　and　tempest。　And　the　marriners　had　leisure　（with　a　Calme）　to　discourse　of　the　Accident　to　question　which　was　the　most　necessary　and　Active　thing　of　True　sailing。　　　　　　Some　did　attribute　the　same　to　the　winds　and　Currant　of　the　Seas；　Others　to　the　sailes　and　agitations　of　the　winds　in　them。　And　others　to　the　compasse　made　by　the　admirable　virtue　of　the　loadstone。　But　all　of　them　were　Novices　in　their　profession；　whereupon　a　merchant　standing　by　（being　a　passenger　in　that　voyage）　used　these　or　the　like　speeches。　My　friends　and　good　fellows；　I　doe　not　a　little　admire　to　heare　you　thus　ignorant　in　matter　of　your　profession：　Can　not　the　losse　of　the　Rudaer　of　our　ship　make　you　sensible　to　understand；　That　the　Active　Part　of　sayling　is　to　bee　ascribed　thereunto；　seeing　it　driveth　the　ship　according　to　all　the　poi