the maintenance of free trade-第19章

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　to　say；　Dadiuas　quebrantan　Pennas；　Gifts　doe　breake　stony　Rockes。　　　　　　From　the　Precedent　causes　of　the　want　of　money　in　England；　come　we　to　the　causes　of　the　decay　of　Trade　in　order；　whereof　this　is　the　efficient　Cause；　whereunto　the　onely　Remedy　hath　beene　declared　already。　　　　　　Usury　Politike；　is　made　the　next　cause　of　the　decay　of　Trade；　which　must　be　remedied　by　the　Plentyof　money　to　be　procured　as　aforesaide；　wherein　that　laudable　Custome　of　the　transformating　or　setting　over　of　billes　of　debt　from　man　to　man　is　to　be　remembred；　which　by　his　Majesties　Praerogative　Royall　or　by　Act　of　Parliament　might　be　established；　for　thereby　great　matters　are　effected　as　it　were　with　ready　money。　But　our　law　requireth　a　more　preciseness　in　the　execution　thereof；　then　in　Germany　and　the　Low　Countries；　it　not　being　Choses　in　Action；　as　the　Lawyers　speake。　But　the　necessarines　hereof；　is　so　urgent；　that　no　man　is　like　to　contradict　the　same；　for　wee　doe　finde　by　experience；　that　things　which　are　indeede；　and　things　which　are　not　indeede；　but　taken　to　be　indeed　（as　this　is　for　payment　of　moneys）　may　produce　all　one　effect。　And　for　the　biting　Usury　before　mentioned；　there　will　be　stocke　found　to　erect　pawne…　houses；　by　meanes　as　shall　be　more　amply　hereafter　declared；　and　here　is　to　be　wished；　that　the　City　of　London；　and　every　principall　towne　of　a　Shiere　or　the　most　part　of　them；　would　take　upon　them　to　take　money　casually　at　the　hand　of　such　as　will　deliver　the　same　upon　the　adventure　of　their　or　other　mens　lives。　As　at　Venice；　where　a　man　for　the　summe　of　three　or　foure　hundreth　pounds　once　given　（as　in　like　manner　at　Amsterdam）　shall　be　sure　to　have　one　hundreth　pounds　a　yeare；　during　his　life；　wherby　a　great　Stocke　might　be　raised　for　the　generall　good　of　all　parties；　and　especially　to　set　the　poore　people　on　worke；　and　to　take　their　manufactures　of　them　to　be　sold　with　a　reasonable　gaine：　for　experience　hath　taught　in　all　places；　where　the　like　is　used；　that　the　City　becommeth　alwayes　a　Gayner　by　the　decease　of　the　parties　that　doe　deliver　money　in　this　nature。　But　it　is　convenient　to　prescribe　certaine　rules　hereupon　in　the　making　of　all　manufactures；　which　commonly　is　best　effected　by　Corporations。　　　　　　The　litigious　Suits　in　Law　being　noted　as　the　third　cause　of　the　decay　of　Trade；　can　hardly　be　remedied　for　the　reasons　before　declared；　but　must　have　their　course；　and　herein　there　can　be　no　shorter　course　devised　by　the　witte　of　man；　then　the　Common…　wealth　doth　use　upon　proofe　and　specialties；　if　the　pleadings　and　issues　（although　Peremptory：）　bee　joyned　according　to　the　first　institution；　whereby　the　Matter　of　fact　nakely　appeare　before　the　Jury　of　twelve　men；　who　are　to　judge　thereof　according　to　the　evidence　of　witnesses　produced　before　them；　for　touching　the　matter　of　Law；　the　same　beeing　separated　from　the　matter　of　Fact；　maketh　a　Demurrer　to　be　determined　by　the　Judge。　I　have　great　cause　to　enter　into　Campum　Spatiosum　about　this　Law　Warfare；　having　by　experience　and　study　spent　much　time　therein。　But　I　thinke　fit　onely　to　comment　the　orders　used　in　Germany　to　take　downe　the　litigious　humours　of　some　persons：　To　make　them　pay　a　Fine　of　twelve　pence　upon　the　pound　or　more　to　the　Emperors　or　Magistrates；　for　so　much　as　they　claime　more　of　the　defendant；　then　they　can　justly　proove　to　be　due　unto　them；　besides　a　further　charge；　if　hee　bee　found　in　his　proceedings　to　doe　things　for　a　Revenge；　which　they　call　an　unlawfull　imprisonment；　although　by　the　lawe　he　have　commenced　his　Sute　lawfully：　and　this　is　tearmed　Paena　Plus　Petentium。　　　　　　For　all　other　meanes；　whereby　the　differences　happening　between　Merchants　are　determined；　I　must　referre　the　same　unto　my　booke　of　Lex　mercatoria；　as　a　matter　requiring　a　large　explanation。　　　　　　The　like　I　must　doe　concerning　the　fishing　Trade；　which　is　the　fourth　Cause　noted　before；　which　hath　a　reference　to　the　want　of　money；　or　to　speake　ingeniously；　is　a　chiefe　cause　of　the　want　of　money；　which　might　bee　procured　thereby；　whereby　both　the　Trade　of　Cloth　and　fishing　might　flourish　together；　contrary　to　the　opinion　of　the　severall　societies　of　Merchants　before　alleadged：　for　although　they　be　of　severall　companies；　yet　such　orders　may　be　devised　by　the　corporation　to　be　made　of　fishing　Merchants；　as　shall　not　infringe　their　severall　priviledges　any　way：　and　all　objections　may　be　answered　by　true　and　just　prevention；　observing　other　nations；　Facilius　est　addere；　quam　constituere。　　　　　　The　fift　cause　of　the　decay　of　Trade；　by　making　Cloth　in　forraine　Countries；　hath　beene　considered　of；　whereupon　the　late　Proclamation　was　made；　prohibiting　Th'exportation　of　Wooll；　Wooll…fells；　Wooll…yearne；　Fullers　earth；　and　Wood　ashes；　and　all　materials；　serving　for　the　making　of　Cloth。　The　Rules　also　to　be　described　of　the　true　making　of　Cloth　（wherein　the　said　Author　hath　been　a　good　observer）　may　be　（with　a　vigilant　eye　of　the　Officiers　to　be　imployed　therein　by　the　Corporation；　and　the　increase　of　Merchants　to　manage　Trade：）　a　Remedie　to　the　seventh　causes：　as　also　to　the　eight　Cause　of　the　decay　of　Trade：　but　the　sixt　cause　concerning　the　Policy　of　Merchants；　is　not　to　be　omitted；　whose　orders　already　made；　and　hereafter　to　bee　made；　may　be　thought　convenient　to　be　Surveyed　by　a　Committie；　who　（upon　complaints　of　the　parties　grieved　in　all　Societies：）　may　take　order　by　way　of　approbation　or　deniall；　to　execute　things　for　the　generall　good；　and　not　for　the　particular：　as　I　have　noted　in　all　this　Discourse。　So　that　other　Merchants　upon　reasonable　considerations；　may　be　admitted　（upon　this　especiall　occasion）　to　be　of　the　said　Societies　or　Companies；　for　otherwise　it　may　seeme　somewhat　dissonant　from　reason；　to　prohibite　all　Merchants；　as　well　English　as　Strangers；　to　bring　in　any　of　the　Commodities　of　Turkie　or　of　the　Levant；　and　now　lately　from　Eastland　and　those　Countries：　but　to　prohibite　the　importation　of　Commodities　in　Strangers　Bottomes　concurreth　with　the　Law。　　　　　　The　ninth　cause　of　the　decay　of　Trade；　consisting　of　the　interruption　thereof　by　Warres；　Pirates　and　Bankrupts；　I　have　partly　handled　in　the　fifth　Cause。　And　although　decayed　men　are　found　at　all　times；　yet　the　want　of　money　hath　caused　divers　Merchants　and　Tradesmen　to　Breake；　who　might　have　maintained　their　credits；　but　that　being　out　of　their　moneys；　and　the　moneys　out　of　the　Kingdome；　maketh　them　to　goe　out　of　their　credits；　for　Necessitas　Parit　Turpia。　The　Remedy　hereof　doth　most　depend　upon　plenty　of　money　or　meanes　in　the　liew　of　money；　as　the　setting　over　of　Bills　of　debt　before　spoken　of。　For　the　Statute　against　Bankcrupts；　cannot　produe　any　great　effect；　but　be　a　meane　to　undoe　the　party　for　ever；　if　it　doe　depend　long　upon　him；　contrary　tothe　intention　thereof；　for　whereas　all　such　as　are　Creditors；　ought　to　come　in　within　foure　moneths　to　take　their　part；　of　what　may　appeare　of　the　State　of　the　Bankcrupt；　to　bee　examined　by　all　lawful　meanes：　the　same　is　protracted　for　tenne；　twenty；　and　more　moneths；　and　all　those　that　come　in　the　said　Interim　are　admitted　with　the　former；　and　a　great　part　of　the　estate　is　spent　in　charges。　This　may　bee　remedied　by　the　Authority　of　the　Chauncery　to　the　Commissioners　appointed　for　th'execution　of