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when it extends to the clavicle。 But if the pain be not dissolved by
the fomentations； one ought not to foment for a length of time； for
this dries the lungs and promotes suppuration； but if the pain point
to the clavicle； or if there be a heaviness in the arm； or about the
breast； or above the diaphragm； one should open the inner vein at
the elbow； and not hesitate to abstract a large quantity； until it
become much redder； or instead of being pure red； it turns livid；
for both these states occur。 But if the pain be below the diaphragm；
and do not point to the clavicle； we must open the belly either with
black hellebore or peplium； mixing the black hellebore with carrot
or seseli； or cumin； or anise； or any other of the fragrant herbs； and
with the peplium the juice of sulphium （asafoetida）； for these
substances； when mixed up together； are of a similar nature。 The black
hellebore acts more pleasantly and effectually than the peplium；
while； on the other hand； the peplium expels wind much more
effectually than the black hellebore； and both these stop the pain；
and many other of the laxatives also stop it； but these two are the
most efficacious that I am acquainted with。 And the laxatives given in
draughts are beneficial； when not very unpalatable owing to
bitterness； or any other disagreeable taste； or from quantity；
color； or any apprehension。 When the patient has drunk the medicine；
one ought to give him to swallow but little less of the ptisan than
what he had been accustomed to； but it is according to rule not to
according to rule not to give any draughts while the medicine is under
operation； but when the purging is stopped then he should take a
smaller draught than what he had been accustomed to； and afterwards go
on increasing it progressively； until the pain cease； provided nothing
else contra…indicate。 This is my rule； also； if one would use the
juice of ptisan （for I hold that it is better； on the whole； to
begin with taking the decoction at once； rather than by first emptying
the veins before doing so； or on the third； fourth； fifth； sixth； or
seventh day； provided the disease has not previously come to a
crisis in the course of this time）； and similar preparations to
those formerly described are to be made in those cases。
8。 Such are the opinions which I entertain respecting the
administering of the ptisan； and； as regards drinks； whichsoever of
those about to be described may be administered； the same directions
are generally applicable。 And here I know that physicians are in the
practice of doing the very reverse of what is proper； for they all
wish； at the commencement of diseases； to starve their patients for
two； three； or more days； and then to administer the ptisans and
drinks； and perhaps it appears to them reasonable that； as a great
change has taken place in the body； it should be counteracted by
another great change。 Now； indeed； to produce a change is no small
matter； but the change must be effected well and cautiously； and after
the change the administration of food must be conducted still more so。
Those persons； then； would be most injured if the change is not
properly managed； who used unstrained ptisans； they also would
suffer who made use of the juice alone； and so also they would
suffer who took merely drink； but these least of all。
9。 One may derive information from the regimen of persons in good
health what things are proper； for if it appear that there is a
great difference whether the diet be so and so； in other respects； but
more especially in the changes； how can it be otherwise in diseases；
and more especially in the most acute？ But it is well ascertained that
even a faulty diet of food and drink steadily persevered in； is
safer in the main as regards health than if one suddenly change it
to another。 Wherefore； in the case of persons who take two meals in
the day； or of those who take a single meal； sudden changes induce
suffering and weakness； and thus persons who have not been
accustomed to dine； if they shall take dinner； immediately become
weak； have heaviness over their whole body； and become feeble and
languid； and if； in addition； they take supper； they will have acid
eructations； and some will have diarrhoea whose bowels were previously
dry； and not having been accustomed to be twice swelled out with
food and to digest it twice a day； have been loaded beyond their wont。
It is beneficial； in such cases； to counterbalance this change； for
one should sleep after dinner； as if passing the night； and guard
against cold in winter and heat in summer； or； if the person cannot
sleep； he may stroll about slowly； but without making stops； for a
good while； take no supper； or； at all events； eat little； and only
things that are not unwholesome； and still more avoid drink； and
especially water。 Such a person will suffer still more if he take
three full meals in the day； and more still if he take more meals； and
yet there are many persons who readily bear to take three full meals
in the day； provided they are so accustomed。 And； moreover； those
who have been in the habit of eating twice a day； if they omit dinner；
become feeble and powerless； averse to all work； and have heartburn；
their bowels seem； as it were； to hang loose； their urine is hot and
green； and the excrement is parched； in some the mouth is bitter；
the eyes are hollow； the temples throb； and the extremities are
cold； and the most of those who have thus missed their dinner cannot
eat supper； or； if they do sup； they load their stomach； and pass a
much worse night than if they had previously taken dinner。 Since；
then； an unwonted change of diet for half a day produces such
effects upon persons in health； it appears not to be a good thing
either to add or take from。 If； then； he who was restricted to a
single meal； contrary to usage； having his veins thus left empty
during a whole day； when he supped according to custom felt heavy；
it is probable that if； because he was uneasy and weak from the want
of dinner； he took a larger supper than wont； he would be still more
oppressed； or if； wanting food for a still greater interval； he
suddenly took a meal after supper； he will feel still greater
oppression。 He； then； who； contrary to usage； has had his veins kept
empty by want of food； will find it beneficial to counteract the bad
effects during that day as follows： let him avoid cold； heat； and
exertion； for he could bear all these ill； let him make his supper
considerably less than usual； and not of dry food； but rather
liquid； and let him take some drink； not of a watery character； nor in
smaller quantity than is proportionate to the food； and on the next
day he should take a small dinner； so that； by degrees； he may
return to his former practice。 Persons who are bilious in the
stomach bear these changes worst； while those who are pituitous；
upon the whole； bear the want of food best； so that they suffer the
least from being restricted to one meal in the day； contrary to usage。
This； then； is a sufficient proof that the greatest changes as to
those things which regard our constitutions and habits are most
especially concerned in t