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Mark Twain； A Biography； 1835…1866
By Albert Bigelow Paine
VOLUME I； Part 1： 1835…1866
MARK TWAIN
A BIOGRAPHY
THE PERSONAL AND LITERARY LIFE OF
SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS
BY
ALBERT BIGELOW PAINE
TO
CLARA CLEMENS GABRILOWITSCH
WHO STEADILY UPHELD THE
AUTHOR'S PURPOSE TO WRITE
HISTORY RATHER THAN EULOGY AS
THE STORY OF HER FATHER'S LIFE
AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Dear William Dean Howells； Joseph Hopkins Twichell； Joseph T。 Goodman；
and other old friends of Mark Twain：
I cannot let these volumes go to press without some grateful word to you
who have helped me during the six years and more that have gone to their
making。
First； I want to confess how I have envied you your association with Mark
Twain in those days when you and he 〃went gipsying； a long time ago。〃
Next； I want to express my wonder at your willingness to give me so
unstintedly from your precious letters and memories； when it is in the
nature of man to hoard such treasures； for himself and for those who
follow him。 And； lastly； I want to tell you that I do not envy you so
much； any more； for in these chapters； one after another； through your
grace； I have gone gipsying with you all。 Neither do I wonder now； for I
have come to know that out of your love for him grew that greater
unselfishness （or divine selfishness； as he himself might have termed
it）； and that nothing short of the fullest you could do for his memory
would have contented your hearts。
My gratitude is measureless； and it is world…wide； for there is no land
so distant that it does not contain some one who has eagerly contributed
to the story。 Only； I seem so poorly able to put my thanks into words。
Albert Bigelow Paine。
PREFATORY NOTE
Certain happenings as recorded in this work will be found to differ
materially from the same incidents and episodes as set down in the
writings of Mr。 Clemens himself。 Mark Twain's spirit was built of the
very fabric of truth； so far as moral intent was concerned； but in his
earlier autobiographical writingsand most of his earlier writings were
autobiographicalhe made no real pretense to accuracy of time； place； or
circumstanceseeking； as he said； 〃only to tell a good story〃while in
later years an ever…vivid imagination and a capricious memory made
history difficult； even when； as in his so…called 〃Autobiography；〃 his
effort was in the direction of fact。
〃When I was younger I could remember anything； whether it happened or
not；〃 he once said； quaintly； 〃but I am getting old； and soon I shall
remember only the latter。〃
The reader may be assured； where discrepancies occur； that the writer of
this memoir has obtained his data from direct and positive sources：
letters； diaries； accountbooks； or other immediate memoranda； also from
the concurring testimony of eye…witnesses； supported by a unity of
circumstance and conditions； and not from hearsay or vagrant printed
items。
MARK TWAIN
A BIOGRAPHY
I
ANCESTORS
On page 492 of the old volume of Suetonius； which Mark Twain read until
his very last day； there is a reference to one Flavius Clemens； a man of
wide repute 〃for his want of energy；〃 and in a marginal note he has
written：
〃I guess this is where our line starts。〃
It was like him to write that。 It spoke in his whimsical fashion the
attitude of humility； the ready acknowledgment of shortcoming； which was
his chief characteristic and made him lovablein his personality and in
his work。
Historically； we need not accept this identity of the Clemens ancestry。
The name itself has a kindly meaning； and was not an uncommon one in
Rome。 There was an early pope by that name； and it appears now and again
in the annals of the Middle Ages。 More lately there was a Gregory
Clemens； an English landowner who became a member of Parliament under
Cromwell and signed the death…warrant of Charles I。 Afterward he was
tried as a regicide； his estates were confiscated； and his head was
exposed on a pole on the top of Westminster Hall。
Tradition says that the family of Gregory Clemens did not remain in
England； but emigrated to Virginia （or New Jersey）； and from them； in
direct line； descended the Virginia Clemenses； including John Marshall
Clemens； the father of Mark Twain。 Perhaps the line could be traced； and
its various steps identified； but； after all； an ancestor more or less
need not matter when it is the story of a descendant that is to be
written。
Of Mark Twain's immediate forebears； however； there is something to be
said。 His paternal grandfather； whose name also was Samuel； was a man of
culture and literary taste。 In 1797 he married a Virginia girl； Pamela
Goggin； and of their five children John Marshall Clemens； born August 11；
1798； was the eldestbecoming male head of the family at the age of
seven； when his father was accidentally killed at a house…raising。 The
family was not a poor one； but the boy grew up with a taste for work。 As
a youth he became a clerk in an iron manufactory； at Lynchburg； and
doubtless studied at night。 At all events； he acquired an education； but
injured his health in the mean time； and somewhat later； with his mother
and the younger children； removed to Adair County； Kentucky； where the
widow presently married a sweetheart of her girlhood； one Simon Hancock；
a good man。 In due course； John Clemens was sent to Columbia； the
countyseat； to study law。 When the living heirs became of age he
administered his father's estate； receiving as his own share three negro
slaves； also a mahogany sideboard； which remains among the Clemens
effects to this day。
This was in 1821。 John Clemens was now a young man of twenty…three；
never very robust； but with a good profession； plenty of resolution； and
a heart full of hope and dreams。 Sober； industrious； and unswervingly
upright； it seemed certain that he must make his mark。 That he was
likely to be somewhat too optimistic； even visionary； was not then
regarded as a misfortune。
It was two years later that he met Jane Lampton； whose mother was a Casey
a Montgomery…Casey whose father was of the Lamptons （Lambtons） of
Durham； England； and who on her own account was reputed to be the
handsomest girl and the wittiest； as well as the best dancer； in all
Kentucky。 The Montgomeries and the Caseys of Kentucky had been Indian
fighters in the Daniel Boone period； and grandmother Casey； who had been
Jane Montgomery； had worn moccasins in her girlhood； and once saved her
life by jumping a fence and out…running a redskin pursuer。 The
Montgomery and Casey annals were full of blood…curdling adventures； and
there is to…day a Casey County next to Adair； with a Montgomery County
somewhat farther