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maller and less distinctly marked。 Range North America； from Hudson Bay to the Carolinas； and westward to the plains。 Migrations October。 April。 Winter resident。
A revised and enlarged edition of the friendly little chipping sparrow； that hops to our very doors for crumbs throughout the mild weather； comes out of British America at the beginning of winter to dissipate much of the winter's dreariness by his cheerful twitterings。 Why he should have been called a tree sparrow is a mystery； unless because he does not frequent trees a reason with sufficient plausibility to commend the name to several of the early ornithologists； who not infrequently called a bird precisely what it was not。 The tree sparrow actually does not show half the preference for trees that its familiar little counterpart does； but rather keeps to low bushes when not on the ground； where we usually find it。 It does not crouch upon the ground like the chippy； but with a lordly carriage holds itself erect as it nimbly runs over the frozen crust。 Sheltered from the high； wintry winds in the furrows and dry ditches of ploughed fields； a loose flock of these active birds keep up a merry hunt for fallen seeds and berries； with a belated beetle to give the grain a relish。 As you approach the feeding ground； one bird gives a shrill alarm…cry； and instantly five times as many birds as you suspected were in the field take wing and settle down in the scrubby undergrowth at the edge of the woods or by the wayside。 No still cold seems too keen for them to go a…foraging； but when cutting winds blow through the leafless thickets the scattered remnants of a flock seek the shelter of stone walls； hedges； barns； and cozy nooks about the house and garden。 It is in mid…winter that these birds grow most neighborly； although even then they are distinctly less sociable than their small chippy cousins。
By the first of March； when the fox sparrow and the bluebird attract the lion's share of attention by their superior voices； we not infrequently are deaf to the modest； sweet little strain that answers for the tree sparrow's love…song。 Soon after the bird is in full voice； away it goes with its flock to their nesting ground in Labrador or the Hudson Bay region。 It builds； either on the ground or not far from it； a nest of grasses； rootlets； and hair； without which no true chippy counts its home complete。
VESPER SPARROW （Poocaetes gramineus） Finch family
Called also： BAY…WINGED BUNTING； GRASSFINCH； GRASSBIRD
Length 5。75 to 6。25 inches。 A little smaller than the English sparrow。 Male and Female Brown above； streaked and varied with gray。 Lesser wing coverts bright rufous。 Throat and breast whitish； striped with dark brown。 Underneath plain soiled white。 Outer tail…quills； which are its special mark of identification； are partly white； but apparently wholly white a。s the bird flies。 Range North America； especially common in eastern parts from Hudson Bay to Gulf of Mexico。 Winters south of Virginia。 Migrations April。 October。 Common summer resident。
Among the least conspicuous birds； sparrows are the easiest to classify for that very reason； and certain prominent features of the half dozen commonest of the tribe make their identification simple even to the merest novice。 The distinguishing marks of this sparrow that haunts open； breezy pasture lands and country waysides are its bright； reddish…brown wing coverts； prominent among its dingy； pale brownish…gray feathers； and its white tail…quills； shown as the bird flies along the road ahead of you to light upon the fence…rail。 It rarely flies higher； even to sing its serene； pastoral strain； restful as the twilight； of which； indeed； it seems to be the vocal expression。 How different from the ecstatic outburst of the song sparrow！ Pensive； but not sad； its long…drawn silvery notes continue in quavers that float off unended like a trail of mist。 The song is suggestive of the thoughts that must come at evening to some New England saint of humble station after a well…spent； soul…uplifting day。
But while the vesper sparrow sings oftenest and most sweetly in the late afternoon and continues singing until only he and the rose…breasted grosbeak break the silence of the early night； his is one of the first voices to join the morning chorus。 No 〃early worm；〃 however； tempts him from his grassy nest； for the seeds in the pasture lands and certain tiny insects that live among the grass furnish meals at all hours。 He simply delights in the cool； still morning and evening hours and in giving voice to his enjoyment of them。
The vesper sparrow is preeminently a grass…bird。 It first opens its eyes on the world in a nest neatly woven of grasses； laid on the ground among the grass that shelters it and furnishes it with food and its protective coloring。 Only the grazing cattle know how many nests and birds are hidden in their pastures。 Like the meadowlarks； their presence is not even suspected until a flock is flushed from its feeding ground； only to return to the spot when you have passed on your way。 Like the meadowlark again； the vesper sparrow occasionally sings as it soars upward from its grassy home。
WHITE…CROWNED SPARROW （Zonotrichia leucophrys） Finch family
Length 7 inches。 A little larger than the English sparrow。 Male White head； with four longitudinal black lines marking off a crown； the black…and…white stripes being of about equal width。 Cheeks； nape； and throat gray。 Light gray underneath； with some buff tints。 Back dark grayish brown。 some feathers margined with gray。 Two interrupted white bars across wings。 Plain； dusky tail； total effect； a clear ashen gray。 Female With rusty head inclining to gray on crown。 Paler throughout than the male。 Range From high mountain ranges of western United States （more rarely on Pacific slope） to Atlantic Ocean； and from Labrador to Mexico。 Chiefly south of Pennsylvania。 Migrations October。 April。 Irregular migrant in Northern States。 A winter resident elsewhere。
The large size and handsome markings of this aristocratic…looking Northern sparrow would serve to distinguish him at once； did he not often consort with his equally fine…looking white…throated cousins while migrating； and so too often get overlooked。 Sparrows are such gregarious birds that it is well to scrutinize every flock with especial care in the spring and autumn； when the rarer migrants are passing。 This bird is more common in the high altitudes of the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains than elsewhere in the United States。 There in the lonely forest it nests in low bushes or on the ground； and sings its full love song； as it does in the northern British provinces； along the Atlantic coast； but during the migrations it favors us only with selections from its repertoire。 Mr。 Ernest Thompson says； 〃Its usual song is like the latter half of the white…throat's familiar refrain； repeated a number of times with a peculiar； sad cadence and in a clear； soft whistle that is characteristic of the group。〃 〃The song is the loudest and most plaintive of all the sparrow songs；〃 says John Burroughs。 〃It begins with the words fe…u； fe…u； fe…u； and runs off into trills and quavers like t