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disquiet；
Less can be said in defense of the starling's scandalous treatment of some native birds。 〃Unrelenting perseverance dominates the starling's activities when engaged in a controversy over a nesting site。 More of its battles are won by dogged persistence in annoying its victim than by bold aggression； and its irritating tactics are sometimes carried to such a point that it seems almost as if the bird were actuated more by a morbid pleasure of annoying its neighbors than by any necessity arising from a scarcity of nesting sites。。。
〃In contests with the flicker the starling frequently makes up in numbers what disadvantage it may have in size。 Typical of such combats was the one observed on May 9； at Hartford； Conn。； where a group of starlings and a flicker were in controversy over a newly excavated nest。 The number of starlings varied； but as many as 6 were noted at one time。 Attention was first attracted to the dispute by a number of starlings in close proximity to the hole and by the sounds of a tussle within。 Presently a flicker came out dragging a starling after him。 The starling continued the battle outside long enough to allow one of its comrades to slip into the nest。 Of course the flicker had to repeat the entire performance。 He did this for about half an hour； when he gave up； leaving the starlings in possession of the nest。。。
〃Economically considered； the starling is the superior of either the flicker； the robin； or the English sparrow； three of the species with which it comes in contact in its breeding operations。 The eggs and young of bluebirds and wrens may be protected by the use of nest boxes with circular openings 1 1/2 inches or less in diameter。 This leaves the purple martin the only species readily subject to attack by the starling； whose economic worth may be considered greater than that of the latter； but in no case was the disturbance of a well…established colony of martins noted。〃
As for the nuisance of a big established roost of starlings； it may be abated by nightly salvos of Roman candles or blank cartridges； continued for a week or at most ten days。
So much for the starling in his aspect as an undesirable citizen。 Government investigators； by a long…continued study； have discovered that his good deeds far outnumber his misdemeanors。 Primarily he feeds on noxious insects and useless wild fruits。 Small truck gardens and individual cherry trees may be occasionally raided by large flocks with disastrous results in a small way。 But on the whole he is a useful frequenter of our door…yards who 'pays his way by destroying hosts of cut…worms and equally noxious' insects。 〃A thorough consideration of the evidence at hand indicates that； based on food habits； the adult starling is the economic superior of the robin； catbird； flicker； red…winged blackbird； or grackle。〃 Need more be said for him？
BIRDS CONSPICUOUSLY BLACK AND WHITE
Red…headed Woodpecker Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker Yellow…bellied Woodpecker Chewink Snowflake Rose…breasted Grosbeak Bobolink Black…poll Warbler Black…and…white Creeping Warbler
See also the Swallows； the Shrikes； Nuthatches and Titmice； the Kingbird and other Flycatchers； the Nighthawk； the Redstart； and the following Warblers： the Myrtle； the Bay…breasted； the Blackburnian； and the Black…throated Blue Warbler。
BIRDS CONSPICUOUSLY BLACK AND WHITE
RED…HEADED WOODPECKER （Melanerpes erythrocephalus） Woodpecker family
Called also： TRI…COLOR； RED…HEAD
Length 8。50 to 9。75 inches。 An inch or less smaller than the robin。 Male and Female Head； neck； and throat crimson； breast and underneath white； back black and white； wings and tail blue black； with broad white band on wings conspicuous in flight。 Range United States； east of Rocky Mountains and north to Manitoba。 Migrations Abundant but irregular migrant。 Most commonly seen in Autumn； and rarely resident。
In thinly populated sections； where there are few guns about； this is still one of the commonest as it is perhaps the most conspicuous member of the woodpecker family； but its striking glossy black…and…white body and its still more striking crimson head； flattened out against the side of a tree like a target； where it is feeding； have made it all too tempting a mark for the rifles of the sportsmen and the sling…shots of small boys。 As if sufficient attention were not attracted to it by its plumage； it must needs keep up a noisy； guttural rattle； ker…r…ruck； ker…r…ruck； very like a tree…toad's call； and flit about among the trees with the restlessness of a fly…catcher。 Yet； in spite of these invitations for a shot to the passing gunner； it still multiplies in districts where nuts abound； being 〃more common than the robin〃 about Washington； says John Burroughs。
All the familiar woodpeckers have two characteristics most prominently exemplified in this red…headed member of their tribe。 The hairy； the downy； the crested； the red…bellied； the sapsucker； and the flicker have each a red mark somewhere about their heads as if they had been wounded there and bled a little some more； some less； and the figures of all of them； from much flattening against tree…trunks； have become high…shouldered and long…waisted。
The red…headed woodpecker selects； by preference； a partly decayed tree in which to excavate a hole for its nest； because the digging is easier； and the sawdust and chips make a softer lining than green wood。 Both male and female take turns in this hollowing…out process。 The one that is off duty is allowed twenty minutes for refreshments； 〃consisting of grubs； beetles； ripe apples or cherries； corn； or preferably beech…nuts。 At a loving call from its mate in the hollow tree； it returns promptly to perform its share of the work； when the carefully observed time is up。〃 The heap of sawdust at the bottom of the hollow will eventually cradle from four to six glossy…white eggs。
This woodpecker has the thrifty habit of storing away nuts in the knot…holes of trees； between cracks in the bark； or in decayed fence railstoo often a convenient storehouse at which the squirrels may help themselves。 But it is the black snake that enters the nest and eats the young family； and that is a more deadly foe than even the sportsman or the milliner。
HAIRY WOODPECKER （Dryobates villosus） Woodpecker family
Length9 to 10 inches。 About the size of the robin。 MaleBlack and white above； white beneath。 White stripe down the back； composed of long hair…like feathers。 Brightred band on the nape of neck。 Wings striped and dashed with black and white。 Outer tail feathers white； without bars。 White stripe about eyes and on sides of the head。 FemaleWithout the red band on head； and body more brownish than that of the male。 RangeEastern parts of United States； from the Canadian border to the Carolinas。 MigrationsResident throughout its range。
The bill of the woodpecker is a hammering tool； well fitted for its work。 Its mission in life is to rid the trees of insects； which hide beneath the bark； and with this end in view； the bird is seen clinging to the trunks and branches of trees through fair and wintry weather； industriously scanning every inch for t