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At the time of the life or recorded appearance of Jesus of Nazareth； and for some centuries before； the Mediterranean and neighboring world had been the scene of a vast number of pagan creeds and rituals。 There were Temples without end dedicated to gods like Apollo or Dionysus among the Greeks； Hercules among the Romans； Mithra among the Persians； Adonis and Attis in Syria and Phrygia； Osiris and Isis and Horus in Egypt； Baal and Astarte among the Babylonians and Carthaginians； and so forth。 Societies； large or small； united believers and the devout in the service or ceremonials connected with their respective deities； and in the creeds which they confessed concerning these deities。 And an extraordinarily interesting fact； for us； is that notwithstanding great geographical distances and racial differences between the adherents of these various cults； as well as differences in the details of their services； the general outlines of their creeds and ceremonials wereif not identicalso markedly similar as we find them。
I cannot of course go at length into these different cults； but I may say roughly that of all or nearly all the deities above…mentioned it was said and believed that：
（1） They were born on or very near our Christmas Day。
（2） They were born of a Virgin…Mother。
（3） And in a Cave or Underground Chamber。
（4） They led a life of toil for Mankind。
（5） And were called by the names of Light…bringer； Healer； Mediator； Savior； Deliverer。
（6） They were however vanquished by the Powers of Darkness。
（7） And descended into Hell or the Underworld。
（8） They rose again from the dead； and became the pioneers of mankind to the Heavenly world。
（9） They founded Communions of Saints； and Churches into which disciples were received by Baptism。
（10） And they were commemorated by Eucharistic meals。
Let me give a few brief examples。
Mithra was born in a cave； and on the 25th December。＇1＇ He was born of a Virgin。＇2＇ He traveled far and wide as a teacher and illuminator of men。 He slew the Bull （symbol of the gross Earth which the sunlight fructifies）。 His great festivals were the winter solstice and the Spring equinox （Christmas and Easter）。 He had twelve companions or disciples （the twelve months）。 He was buried in a tomb； from which however he rose again； and his resurrection was celebrated yearly with great rejoicings。 He was called Savior and Mediator； and sometimes figured as a Lamb； and sacramental feasts in remembrance of him were held by his followers。 This legend is apparently partly astronomical and partly vegetational； and the same may be said of the following about Osiris。
＇1＇ The birthfeast of Mithra was held in Rome on the 8th day before the Kalends of January； being also the day of the Circassian games； which were sacred to the Sun。 （See F。 Nork； Der Mystagog； Leipzig。）
＇2＇ This at any rate was reported by his later disciples （see Robertson's Pagan Christs； p。 338）。
Osiris was born （Plutarch tells us） on the 361st day of the year； say the 27th December。 He too； like Mithra and Dionysus； was a great traveler。 As King of Egypt he taught men civil arts； and 〃tamed them by music and gentleness； not by force of arms〃；＇1＇ he was the discoverer of corn and wine。 But he was betrayed by Typhon； the power of darkness； and slain and dismembered。 〃This happened；〃 says Plutarch； 〃on the 17th of the month Athyr； when the sun enters into the Scorpion〃 （the sign of the Zodiac which indicates the oncoming of Winter）。 His body was placed in a box； but afterwards； on the 19th； came again to life； and； as in the cults of Mithra； Dionysus； Adonis and others； so in the cult of Osiris； an image placed in a coffin was brought out before the worshipers and saluted with glad cries of 〃Osiris is risen。〃＇1＇ 〃His sufferings； his death and his resurrection were enacted year by year in a great mystery…play at Abydos。〃＇2＇
＇1＇ See Plutarch on Isis and Osiris。
＇2＇ Ancient Art and Ritual； by Jane E。 Harrison； chap。 i。
The two following legends have more distinctly the character of Vegetation myths。
Adonis or Tammuz； the Syrian god of vegetation； was a very beautiful youth； born of a Virgin （Nature）； and so beautiful that Venus and Proserpine （the goddesses of the Upper and Underworlds） both fell in love with him。 To reconcile their claims it was agreed that he should spend half the year （summer） in the upper world； and the winter half with Proserpine below。 He was killed by a boar （Typhon） in the autumn。 And every year the maidens 〃wept for Adonis〃 （see Ezekiel viii。 14）。 In the spring a festival of his resurrection was heldthe women set out to seek him； and having found the supposed corpse placed it （a wooden image） in a coffin or hollow tree； and performed wild rites and lamentations； followed by even wilder rejoicings over his supposed resurrection。 At Aphaca in the North of Syria； and halfway between Byblus and Baalbec； there was a famous grove and temple of Astarte； near which was a wild romantic gorge full of trees； the birthplace of a certain river Adonisthe water rushing from a Cavern； under lofty cliffs。 Here （it was said） every year the youth Adonis was again wounded to death； and the river ran red with his blood；＇1＇ while the scarlet anemone bloomed among the cedars and walnuts。
＇1＇ A discoloration caused by red earth washed by rain from the mountains； and which has been observed by modern travelers。 For the whole story of Adonis and of Attis see Frazer's Golden Bough； part iv。
The story of Attis is very similar。 He was a fair young shepherd or herdsman of Phrygia； beloved by Cybele （or Demeter）； the Mother of the gods。 He was born of a Virgin Nanawho conceived by putting a ripe almond or pomegranate in her bosom。 He died； either killed by a boar； the symbol of winter； like Adonis； or self…castrated （like his own priests）； and he bled to death at the foot of a pine tree （the pine and pine…cone being symbols of fertility）。 The sacrifice of his blood renewed the fertility of the earth； and in the ritual celebration of his death and resurrection his image was fastened to the trunk of a pine… tree （compare the Crucifixion）。 But I shall return to this legend presently。 The worship of Attis became very widespread and much honored； and was ultimately incorporated with the established religion at Rome somewhere about the commencement of our Era。
The following two legends （dealing with Hercules and with Krishna） have rather more of the character of the solar； and less of the vegetational myth about them。 Both heroes were regarded as great benefactors of humanity； but the former more on the material plane； and the latter on the spiritual。
Hercules or Heracles was； like other Sun…gods and benefactors of mankind； a great Traveler。 He was known in many lands； and everywhere he was invoked as Saviour。 He was miraculously conceived from a divine Father； even in the cradle he strangled two serpents sent to destroy him。 His many labors for the good of the world were ultimately epitomized into twelve； symbolized by the signs of the Zodiac。 He slew the Nemxan Lion and the Hydra （offspring of Typhon） and the Boar。 He overcame the Cretan Bull； and cleaned out the Stables of Augeas； he conquered Deat