按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
practice is afforded by the rites of Dionysus； to which I will devote a few lines。 Dionysus； like other Sun or Nature deities； was born of a Virgin （Semele or Demeter） untainted by any earthly husband； and born on the 25th。 December。 He was nurtured in a Cave； and even at that early age was identified with the Ram or Lamb； into whose form he was for the time being changed。 At times also he was worshiped in the form of a Bull。＇2＇ He travelled far and wide； and brought the great gift of wine to mankind。＇3＇ He was called Liberator； and Saviour。 His grave 〃was shown at Delphi in the inmost shrine of the temple of Apollo。 Secret offerings were brought thither； while the women who were celebrating the feast woke up the new…born god。 。 。 。 Festivals of this kind in celebration of the extinction and resurrection of the deity were held （by women and girls only） amid the mountains at night； every third year； about the time of the shortest day。 The rites； intended to express the excess of grief and joy at the death and reappearance of the god； were wild even to savagery； and the women who performed them were hence known by the expressive names of Bacchae； Maenads； and Thyiades。 They wandered through woods and mountains； their flying locks crowned with ivy or snakes； brandishing wands and torches； to the hollow sounds of the drum； or the shrill notes of the flute； with wild dances and insane cries and jubilation。
＇1＇ See Frazer's Golden Bough； Part IV； p。 229。
＇2＇ The Golden Bough； Part II； Book II； p。 164。
＇3＇ 〃I am the TRUE Vine；〃 says the Jesus of the fourth gospel； perhaps with an implicit and hostile reference to the cult of Dionysusin which Robertson suggests （Christianity and Mythology； p。 357） there was a ritual miracle of turning water into wine。
Oxen； goats； even fawns and roes from the forest were killed； torn to pieces； and eaten raw。 This in imitation of the treatment of Dionysus by the Titans〃＇1＇who it was supposed had torn the god in pieces when a child。
＇1＇ See art。 Dionysus。 Dictionary of Classical Antiquities； Nettleship and Sandys 3rd edn。； London； 1898）。
Dupuis； one of the earliest writers （at the beginning of last century） on this subject； says； describing the mystic rites of Dionysus＇1＇： 〃The sacred doors of the Temple in which the initiation took place were opened only once a year； and no stranger might ever enter。 Night lent to these august mysteries a veil which was forbidden to be drawn aside for whoever it might be。＇2＇ It was the sole occasion for the representation of the passion of Bacchus ＇Dionysus＇ dead； descended into hell； and rearisenin imitation of the representation of the sufferings of Osiris which； according to Herodotus； were commemorated at Sais in Egypt。 It was in that place that the partition took place of the body of the god；＇3＇ which was then eaten the ceremony； in fact； of which our Eucharist is only a reflection； whereas in the mysteries of Bacchus actual raw flesh was distributed； which each of those present had to consume in commemoration of the death of Bacchus dismembered by the Titans； and whose passion； in Chios and Tenedos； was renewed each year by the sacrifice of a man who represented the god。＇4＇ Possibly it is this last fact which made people believe that the Christians （whose hoc est corpus meum and sharing of an Eucharistic meal were no more than a shadow of a more ancient rite） did really sacrifice a child and devour its limbs。〃
＇1＇ See Charles F。 Dupuis； 〃Traite des Mysteres；〃 ch。 i。
＇2＇ Pausan； Corinth； ch。 37。
＇3＇ Clem； Prot。 Eur。 Bacch。
＇4＇ See Porphyry； De Abstinentia； lii； Section 56。
That Eucharistic rites were very very ancient is plain from the Totem…sacraments of savages； and to this subject we shall now turn。
IV。 TOTEM…SACRAMENTS AND EUCHARISTS
Much has been written on the origin of the Totem…system the system； that is； of naming a tribe or a portion of a tribe （say a CLAN） after some ANIMALor sometimesalso after some plant or tree or Nature…element； like fire or rain or thunder； but at best the subject is a difficult one for us moderns to understand。 A careful study has been made of it by Salamon Reinach in his Cultes； Mythes et Religions；＇1＇ where he formulates his conclusions in twelve statements or definitions； but even sothough his suggestions are helpfulhe throws very little light on the real origin of the system。＇2＇
＇1＇ See English translation of certain chapters （published by David Nutt in 1912） entitled Cults； Myths and Religions； pp。 1…25。 The French original is in three large volumes。
＇2＇ The same may be said of the formulated statement of the subject in Morris Jastrow's Handbooks of the History of Religion； vol。 iv。
There are three main difficulties。 The first is to understand why primitive Man should name his Tribe after an animal or object of nature at all； the second； to understand on what principle he selected the particular name （a lion； a crocodile； a lady bird； a certain tree）； the third； why he should make of the said totem a divinity； and pay honor and worship to it。 It may be worth while to pause for a moment over these。
（1） The fact that the Tribe was one of the early things for which Man found it necessary to have a name is interesting； because it shows how early the solidarity and psychological actuality of the tribe was recognized； and as to the selection of a name from some animal or concrete object of Nature； that was inevitable； for the simple reason that there was nothing else for the savage to choose from。 Plainly to call his tribe 〃The Wayfarers〃 or 〃The Pioneers〃 or the 〃Pacifists〃 or the 〃Invincibles；〃 or by any of the thousand and one names which modern associations adopt； would have been impossible； since such abstract terms had little or no existence in his mind。 And again to name it after an animal was the most obvious thing to do； simply because the animals were by far the most important features or accompaniments of his own life。 As I am dealing in this book largely with certain psychological conditions of human evolution； it has to be pointed out that to primitive man the animal was the nearest and most closely related of all objects。 Being of the same order of consciousness as himself； the animal appealed to him very closely as his mate and equal。 He made with regard to it little or no distinction from himself。 We see this very clearly in the case of children； who of course represent the savage mind； and who regard animals simply as their mates and equals； and come quickly into rapport with them； not differentiating themselves from them。
（2） As to the particular animal or other object selected in order to give a name to the Tribe； this would no doubt be largely accidental。 Any unusual incident might superstitiously precipitate a name。 We can hardly imagine the Tribe scratching its congregated head in the deliberate effort to think out a suitable emblem for itself。 That is not the way in which nicknames are invented in a school or anywhere else to…day。 At the same time the heraldic appeal of a certain object of nature； animate or inanimate； would be deeply and widely felt。 The strength of the lion； the fleetness of the deer； the food…value of a bear； the flight of a bir