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In October 2000； the IASC Board approved five limited revisions to IAS 39 and other related
International Accounting Standards （IAS 27； IAS 28； IAS 31； and IAS 32） to improve specific
paragraphs and help ensure that the Standards are applied consistently。 These changes bee
effective when an enterprise applies IAS 39 for the first time。 The revisions：
effective when an enterprise applies IAS 39 for the first time。 The revisions：
eliminated a requirement in IAS 39 as originally approved for a lender to recognise collateral
received from a borrower in its balance sheet；
provide more explicit requirements for impairment recognition；
require consistent accounting in the consolidated financial statements for temporary
investments in equity securities in accordance with IAS 39 and other International Accounting
Standards； and
eliminated redundant disclosure requirements for hedges in IAS 32。
Summary of IAS 39
Under IAS 39； all financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised on the balance sheet；
including all derivatives。 They are initially measured at cost； which is the fair value of whatever was
paid or received to acquire the financial asset or liability。
An enterprise should recognise normal purchases and sales of financial assets in the market
place either at trade date or settlement date。 Certain value changes between trade and settlement
dates are recognised for purchases if settlement date accounting is used。
Transaction costs should be included in the initial measurement of all financial instruments。
Subsequent to initial recognition； all financial assets are remeasured to fair value； except for
the following； which should be carried at amortised cost：
（a） loans and receivables originated by the enterprise and not held for trading；
（b） other fixed maturity investments with fixed or determinable payments； such as debt
securities and mandatorily redeemable preferred shares； that the enterprise intends and is able to
hold to maturity； and
（c） financial assets whose fair value cannot be reliably measured （generally limited to some
equity securities with no quoted market price and forwards and options on unquoted equity
securities）。
An enterprise should measure loans and receivables that it has originated and that are not held
for trading at amortised cost； less reductions for impairment or uncollectibility。 The enterprise need
not demonstrate an intent to hold originated loans and receivables to maturity。
not demonstrate an intent to hold originated loans and receivables to maturity。
If an enterprise is prohibited from classifying financial assets as held…to…maturity because it
has sold more than an insignificant amount of assets that it had previously said it intended to hold to
maturity； that prohibition expires at the end of the second financial year following the premature
sales。
After acquisition most financial liabilities are measured at original recorded amount less
principal repayments and amortisation。 Only derivatives and liabilities held for trading （such as
securities borrowed by a short seller） are remeasured to fair value。
For those financial assets and liabilities that are remeasured to fair value； an enterprise will
have a single； enterprise…wide option either to：
（a） recognise the entire adjustment in net profit or loss for the period；or
（b） recognise in net profit or loss for the period only those changes in fair value relating to
financial assets and liabilities held for trading； with the non…trading value changes reported in equity
until the financial asset is sold； at which time the realised gain or loss is reported in net profit or loss。
For this purpose； derivatives are always deemed held for trading unless they are designated as
hedging instruments。
IAS 39 requires that an impairment loss be recognised for a financial asset whose recoverable
amount is less than carrying amount。 Guidance is provided for calculating impairment。
IAS 39 establishes conditions for determining when control over a financial asset or liability
has been transferred to another party。 For financial assets a transfer normally would be recognised if
（a） the transferee has the right to sell or pledge the asset and （b） the transferor does not have the
right to reacquire the transferred assets。 With respect to derecognition of liabilities； the debtor must
be legally released from primary responsibility for the liability （or part thereof） either judicially or
by the creditor。 If part of a financial asset or liability is sold or extinguished； the carrying amount is
split based on relative fair values。
Hedging； for accounting purposes； means designating a derivative or （only for hedges of
foreign currency risks） a non…derivative financial instrument as an offset in net profit or loss； in
whole or in part； to the change in fair value or cash flows of a hedged item。 Hedge accounting is
permitted under IAS 39 in certain circumstances； provided that the hedging relationship is clearly
defined； measurable； and actually effective。
whole or in part； to the change in fair value or cash flows of a hedged item。 Hedge accounting is
permitted under IAS 39 in certain circumstances； provided that the hedging relationship is clearly
defined； measurable； and actually effective。
For hedges of forecasted transactions that result in the recognition of an asset or liability； the
gain or loss on the hedging instrument will adjust the basis （carrying amount） of the acquired asset
or liability。
IAS 39 supplements the disclosure requirements of IAS 32 for financial instruments。
The new Standard is effective for annual accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January
2001。 Earlier application is permitted as of the beginning of a financial year that ends after issuance
of IAS 39。
On initial adoption of IAS 39； adjustments to bring derivatives and other financial assets and
liabilities onto the balance sheet and adjustments to remeasure certain financial assets and liabilities
from cost to fair value will be made by adjusting retained earnings directly。
IAS 39 Implementation Guidance
When the IASC Board voted to approve IAS 39 in December 1998； the Board instructed its
staff to monitor implementation issues and to consider how best to respond to such issues and
thereby help financial statement preparers； auditors； financial analysts； and others understand IAS
39 and those preparing to apply it for the first time。
In March 2000； the IASC Board approved an approach to publish implementation guidance on
IAS 39 in the form of Questions and Answers （Q&A） and appointed an IAS 39 Implementation
Guidance mittee （IGC） to review and approve the draft Q&A and to seek public ment
before final publication。 Also； the IAS 39 Implementation Guidance mittee may refer some
issues either to the IASB's International Financial Reporting Interpretations mittee （IFRIC） or
to IASB。
In July 2001； the IGC issued a consolidated set of IAS 39 Implementation Guidance …
Questions and Answers approved as of 1 July 2001。 The document contains questi