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My daughter has just gone out。 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before。 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived。 她到了。
2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如today; these days; recently; now; lately; for…; since…; in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months; just 等。如:
I haven’t heard from her these days。 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently。 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years。 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday。
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意:1)表示短暂意义的动词如open; go; come; die; arrive; leave; lose; fall等,在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此,不能说:×He has come here for 2 weeks。×The old man has died for 4 months。×They have left only for 5 minutes。以上三句话可以改为:
It’s two weeks since he came here。 He has been here for 2 weeks。
It’s 4 months since the old man died。
They have been away only for 5 minutes2)have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较:
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了?(已经回来了)
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了?(人不在)
They have been to Canada。 他们到过加拿大。(现在已经不在加拿大)
They have gone to Canada。 他们到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已经到加拿大)。3)现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语,如yesterday; last year; in 1976; two days ago; just now; when I came in 等连用, 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语,如already; yet; sometimes; always; often; before; lately; recently; once; twice; ever; never等连用。例如:
She has already come。 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet。 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before。 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student。 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street。 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an。 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately。 我近来没看到他。
翻译练习:1)他们已经答复了我们的信。They have already answered our letter。2)自去年以来我就未遇见过王英。I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year。3)他刚把他的名字告诉我。He has just told me his name。4)你到过杭州吗? 到过。我一个月以前去过那里。我去过两三次。Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Yes; I have。 I went there a month ago。 I have been there two or three times。5)他在海外住了很长时间了。He has lived abroad for a very long time。
4、现在完成进行时(1)构成:第三人称单数由has been + 动词的现在分词;其他人称和数由have been + 动词的现在分词。(2)用法:
1)表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在,可能刚刚终止,也可能仍然在进行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning。 我从早上8点钟一直在等你。
It has been raining for three hours。 雨一直下了三个小时了。
What book have you been reading recently? 最近你一直在读什么书?
2)有些动词不能用于现在进行时,如be; have; like; love; know; see; hear等,这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如:
I haven’t seen you for ages。 我好久没见到你了。
I have loved her for a long time。 我一直爱她。
I have known him for a long time。 我认识他很久了。
3)现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,强调结果;而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性,强调“一直”,往往表示动作仍未结束。如:
I have been reading this novel。 我一直在读这本小说。(我仍然在读)
I have read two novels。 我已读过两本小说。(可能刚读过,也可能很久以前读的)
I have been writing letters。 我一直都在写信。
I have written three letters。 我已经写完三封信了。
Now we have cleaned the room; we can move the things in。 既然我们已经打扫完房间,我们可以把东西搬进来了。
We’ve been cleaning the classroom; but we haven’t finished yet。 我们一直在打扫教室,但还没干完。
翻译练习:1)你整个早晨在学习什么?What have you been studying all the morning?2)你已经参加过期末考试了吗?Have you taken your final examination?3)学生们一直在为高考准备功课。The students have been preparing their lessons for the college entrance examination。4)我们从小就认识。We have known each other since childhood。5)1949年以来,王先生一直在这所学校教物理。Mr。 Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949。6)雨一直下了一个星期。It has been raining for a week。
5、一般过去时(1)构成:一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did; 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式疑问式I did not (didn’t) study…。Did I study…?You did not (didn’t) study…。Did you study…?He did not (didn’t) study…。Did he study…?否定疑问式简单回答 (肯定/否定)Did I not (Didn’t I) study…?Yes; you did。 No; you didn’t。Di you not (Didn’t you) study…?Yes; I did。 No; I didn’t。Did he not (Didn’t he) study…?Yes; he did。 No; he didn’t。(2)用法:一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况,其中包括习惯性动作,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
The train arrived ten minutes ago。 火车十分钟前就到了。
What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的?
I used to go to school early。 我过去总是很早去学校。
He always went to work by bus。 他过去老乘车去上班。
Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young。 李红小时候在上海住过十年。(有的同学认为出现了for some time 之类的时间状语,就要用完成时态。这种看法不完全正确。如果指的是在过去某事持续了一段时间,就要用一般过去时)
注意:在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语,表明动作发生的时间。如该句中没有时间状语,那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。
翻译练习:1)他昨天晚上离开这里到上海去了。He left for Shanghai yesterday evening。2)你昨天早上是什么时候醒来的? 我六点钟醒的,可是到七点才起床。What time did you wake up yesterday morning? ?I woke up at six o’clock; but did not get up until 7。3)星期一有个外国朋友来参观过我们学校了。A foreign friend visited our school on Monday。4)我上中学的时候总是六点钟起床。I used to get up at six when I was at middle school。5)周总理曾经常在这里办公。Premier Zhou used to work here。
6、过去进行时(1)构成:由助动词be 的过去式 + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were。
1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:
This time yesterday; we were having an English lesson。 昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room。 老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper; all the lights went out。 我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。
He was reading while she was setting the table。 她摆桌子时,他在读书。
It was getting dark。 The wind was rising。 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2)过去进行时动词常用always; continually; frequently 等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young。 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty; China was always making concessions to western powers。 清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。
翻译练习:1)我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题